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Ch. 7: The Roman World Sec. 1: Founding the Roman Republic 1 The Land: Its Geography & Importance • Italy is sheltered by the Alps in the north • Mtns. running lengthwise of Italy are called the Apennine Mtns., which are low, allowing trade 2 • People & enemy armies found pathways through the Alps • Plus, Italy’s long coastline allowed attack from the sea 3 Rome & the Beginning of an Empire • By the mid-700s B.C. the Latins had settled in villages along the Tiber R. & it was these villages that united to form Rome • In the 600s B.C. Rome was ruled by the Etruscans from N.Italy 4 • Romans adopted Etruscan written language • The Etruscans paved roads, drained marshes, & constructed sewers & under the Etruscans, Rome grew into a large prosperous city • Also, Greek city-states in S. Italy strongly influenced Roman culture 5 • Rome was built about 15 miles inland from the Tiber R., protecting the city from invasion by sea • It was located where the Tiber R. was easy to cross & at the crossroads of many trade routes 6 The Early Roman Republic • 509 B.C. wealthy Romans overthrew the Etruscan king • They established a republic — a form of gov’t in which voters elect officials to run the state 7 • 3 groups governed the republic: the Senate, the magistrates, & popular assemblies (the Senate was the most powerful) • In emergencies the Senate could name a dictator, or absolute ruler, who had complete command of the army & courts for 6 months 8 • The magistrates included consuls, praetors, & censors • 2 men were elected to one-year terms as consuls, or chief executives • They ran the gov’t & commanded the army 9 • Each consul could veto, or refuse to approve, the acts of the other • This division was based on the principle of checks & balances, which prevents any part of the gov’t from becoming too powerful (a principle later adopted by the U.S. 10 • Romans elected officials called praetors to help the consuls; they commanded armies & oversaw the legal system • Censors registered citizens according to their wealth, appointed senators, & supervised moral conduct 11 • Several assemblies of citizens voted on laws & elected officials • These popular assemblies elected 10 officials called tribunes, who could refuse to approve actions by the Senate or other officials 12 The Conflict of the Orders • Patricians were powerful landowners who inherited power to control the gov’t & society • Plebeians (mainly farmers & workers) made up most of the pop. 13 • Plebeians could vote but not hold office • Judges were always patricians • Plebeians increased their power through demands & strikes 14 • They gained the right to join the army, hold office, form their own assembly & elect tribunes • Plebeians forced the gov’t to write down the laws • Later, a plebeian always held one of the consul positions • Some plebeians became so wealthy & powerful that they joined the nobility 15 The Republic Grows • For 200 yrs. The Roman army fought to extend the empire • Every adult male citizen who owned land had to serve in the legion • Discipline was strict & morale was high 16 • The Romans made people in nearby cities full citizens • People in more distant cities became partial citizens, who could own property but could not vote • People in distant areas became allies, who remained independent but supplied 17 • Conquered peoples also provided land for Roman farmers • These policies helped the Romans control conquered areas & spread the Roman culture & language 18