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Rome
Geography
The
Alps: mountains
natural protection
Mediterranean Sea:
protection & trade
Rome
ROME
Macedon
Macedon
Persia
Persia
Carthage
Carthage
Egypt
Egypt
Ancient Italy
(c. 6th century B.C.)
Etruscans
(900-500 BC)
 Northern
Italy
 Extravagant art
 Drained marshes, built sewers,
paved roads
 Latins in central Italy (Rome)
revolt against Etruscan king

Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his men
fighting Cyclops
Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)
 Legend:
 Bros.
Romulus & Remus
 Romulus won fight to rule, so
city was named Rome
 Real beginning:
 700 BC, Latins “the 1st
Romans” created villages on
Tiber River
Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)
509
BC: Latins/Romans
set up republic (citizens
vote for leaders)
Citizens free-born
males in Rome
CLASS CONFLICT
Patricians-
wealthy
landowners with power
Plebeians- farmers &
workers can vote, but
can’t rule
Plebs vs. Pats
Laws
not written down
Patrician judges stated
& applied the law
Plebeians went on
strikes
THE TWELVE TABLES
450 BC: Roman laws carved
on 12 bronze tablets
“innocent until proven
guilty” - hung in Forum
(public square)
 Senate
(controlled $ & foreign
policy)
 Dictator in emergencies
 2 Consuls-1 yr. terms
 Assemblies voted on laws
Elected tribunes who could
veto senate
Roman Religion

Romans adopted Greek gods
 Jupiter: same as Greek god Zeus
 Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods
 Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the earth &
hunters
 Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of wisdom &
war
 Venus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of love
Expansion
264 BC the city had taken
over the Italian Peninsula
Roman
Legion=6,000
troops
Disciplined- (decimation
“removal of the tenth”)
Roman roads- well
constructed to move
legions
Rome vs. Carthage
Carthage:
wealthy trading city
in north Africa that took Sicily
Punic Wars (264-146 BC)
st
1
Punic War (264 BC241 BC)
Carthage
tried to
take Strait
of Messina

Carthage=strong navy;
Rome=strong army
 Grappling hooks onto
Carthaginian ships, boarded
ships, & fought to the death
 Carthage
gives up Sicily
nd
2
Punic War (218 BC202 BC)
Carthage
wants revenge
New general 25 years
old--- Hannibal
218 BC- Hannibal takes
Roman land in Spain
Hannibal, 40,000 men, & 37
elephants invade through Alps
 1/3 men die
 General Publius Scipio’s legions
attack Zama (near Carthage)
 202 BC: Scipio defeated Hannibal &
Carthage gives up land in Spain

3rd Punic War (149 BC-146 BC)
ROME
DESTROYS
CARTHAGE
Burned Carthage
Put salt in soil
130 BC—Rome ruled everything
from Spain to Asia Minor
Large
area=hard to rule
Divided into provinces
who pay taxes (tribute)
Tax collectors
steal=rebellions
 Farmers
move to city
(farmland stolen while they
were at Punic Wars)
 Slaves now doing work
Poor farmers unemployed
Tiberius
& Gaius
Gracchus (133 – 121 BC)
Tribunes who made laws
to help the poor
Both killed in riots
Gracchi Brothers
Gaius Marius
 107 BC—Elected consul
 Paid soldiers $ & land
 Soldiers loyal to commander
 88 BC—Gaius overthrown by Lucas
Cornelius Sulla (makes himself
dictator)

1st
Triumvirate
Consuls—Gnaeus Pompey,
Licinius Crassus, & popular
general—Julius Caesar
 60
BC—3 men = 1st
Triumvirate (shared power)
 Jealous over power
 Pompey ordered Caesar to
Rome
 Caesar crosses Rubicon
River (with his army) & wins
civil war
Julius Caesar
 45 BC—Dictator of Rome
 Gave grain to poor
 44 BC—Dictator for life
 March 15, 44 BC (Ides of
March)—Stabbed to death by
Roman Senators
2nd Triumvirate
 Caesar’s 19 yr old grandnephew—
Octavian—with—Marc Antony & Marcus
Lepidus
 Antony moved to Egypt & married
Cleopatra
 Oct. convinced Senate to declare war on
Antony & Cleo.
Octavian
Marc Antony
Marcus Lepidus
Antony
and Cleo. commit
suicide
Octavian=1st Roman
Emperor
st
1
Emperor
1. Augustus (Octavian): (27
BC-14 AD)
Pax Romana begins
Chief priest---head of state
religion
Had no sons
Bad Emperors
2. Tiberius (14
AD-37 AD)
Adopted son
of Augustus
Bad Emperors
3. Caligula (37 AD-41 AD)
 Tiberius’ grandnephew
 Unstable/CRAZY after
illness
 41 AD: assassinated by one
of his guards
Bad Emperors
4. Claudius (41 AD-54
AD)
 Uncle of Caligula
 Murdered by his
wife- wanted her son
to be emperor
5. Nero (54 AD-68 AD)
 Claudius’ stepson
Bad
 Cruel & vain
 Murdered mom & wife-feared they’d kill him
 Sentenced to death by
Senate; but, he
committed suicide
Emperors
 Senate
Good Emperors
chose 1st of the good
emperors—Nerva (96-98 AD)
 Hadrian
 Hadrian’s Wall across Britain
 Marcus Aurelius
 180 AD—last good emperor (Pax
Romana ENDED)
 Army busy with civil wars=NOT
defending borders
Hadrian’s Wall
Roman Civilization
 Pax
Romana (27 BC-180 AD)
 “Roman
Peace” allowed trade to grow
 Grain, wine, oil, cloth, pottery,
glassware
 African ivory, Chinese silk, Indian
pepper
Roman Architecture
Colosseum:
Gladiator events
Circus Maximus: Chariot
races
Pantheon: Temple to all gods
Aqueducts: Artificial channels
for carrying water
Language
Latin=language
until 1500s
Basis
of Europe
for Romance
languages (French,
Spanish, Italian,
Portuguese, Romanian)
 Jewish
Rebellions
 6 AD: Kingdom of Judah added to
Empire- renamed Judea
 Jews rebelled twice 66 & 135 AD
Romans destroyed all but Western
Wall of 2nd temple & forced Jews out
of Jerusalem
Jesus of Nazareth





Jesus received Jewish education
Jesus said God was loving & forgiving not
harsh as Jews thought
Disciples—believed Jesus was messiah
(savior)
Many Jews didn’t believe Jesus was
messiah—this is difference between
Christianity & Judaism
Age 33 Jesus crucified
 Resurrection=way
to prove Jesus
was “Son of God”
 Leading Apostle—Paul
 Spread Christianity throughout
Roman Empire
 Wrote epistles to churches (New
Testament)
Persecution
 Christians
DID NOT honor
emperor as a god
 Thrown into gladiator events to
die
 300s AD, many turn to
Christianity
 Empire was about to collapse

Early Church hierarchy (levels of
authority)
 Lowest-
parish priests & their parishes
 Many parishes together form a diocese
which was overseen by a bishop
 Bishops interpreted beliefs, managed
church property, & gave aid to the poor
 The most powerful bishops were
archbishops who governed Christian in
the large cities
 5 archbishops of Rome, Constantinople,
Alexandria, Antioch, & Jerusalem were
called patriarchs
Patriarch of Rome proclaimed
authority over all
 Pope (head over all the churches)
 East didn’t accept the pope
Western Church=Roman Catholic
Church
Eastern Church=Eastern
Orthodox Church

Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic
Church
1. Pope
2. Archbishop
3. Bishop
4. Parish Priest
Fall of the Western Empire
1.) Diocletian (284-307)
Divided empire into 2
parts—East & West
Issued Edict of Prices to
slow inflation
Diocletian
Fall of the Western Empire
2.) Constantine (312-337)
 Won
civil war
 Moved capital to Byzantium &
renamed it Constantinople
 1st Christian emperor – Edict of
Milan
Constantine
Fall of the Western Empire
3.) Theodosius (337-395)
 Won civil war
 Will created separate empires with
separate rulers
 East—Byzantine Empire
 West—Roman Empire

Made Christianity official religion of
empire
Theodosius
Fall of the Western Empire

Civil wars caused :
 Difficult travel & trade
 Destroyed farmland—food prices
increased
 Inflation (prices go up, value of $
goes down)
Fall of the Western Empire
Germanic Invasions
 300s AD: Germanic tribes
 Looking for better climates &
grazing lands
 Wanted to share Rome’s
wealth
 Running from the Huns
Fall of the Western Empire







Visigoths & Vandals invaded & sacked Rome
Franks & Goths divided Gaul
Attila the Hun attacked Italy
453—Attila died & the Huns retreated into Eastern
Europe
476—Roman emperor killed by Germanic soldier—
Odoacer who made himself king of Italy
476—Date of the end of the Western (Roman)
Empire
Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) continued on for
1000 more yrs.