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Roman Republic
 Republic- a government where
citizens elect their leaders
 Consuls- leaders of Rome; head of
army
 Senators- made laws; patricians;
300; served for life
 Senate- lawmaking body
 Tribunes-assembly of plebeians
 Patricians○ wealthy landowners
 Plebeians○common people; majority of
Romans
Punic Wars
 wars
between Rome and Carthage
 Rome won and expanded territory
 2nd war- Hannibal lead elephants
across Alps
 3rd war- Carthage was totally
destroyed
Julius Caesar
 was
liked by soldiers and working
class
 Dictator- appointed Dictator for life;
Senators felt he had too much
power-wanted to be king
 Assassination- by Senators in
Senate; ended Roman Republic;
civil war between Octavian and
Marc Antony
Roman Empire
 Octavian (Augustus) 1st emperor of Rome
 defeated Marc Antony
 stabilized government
 Pax Romana 200 years of peace beginning
with Augustus
 Achievements law [Twelve Tables]
 Architecture
 language
 literature
Decline of Rome

begins after rule of Marcus Aurelius
 Reasons○ inflation
○ unemployment
○ high taxation
○ invasions
○ poor leaders
 Division of Empire○ due to large size [eastern and
western halves]
 Diocletian○ Emperor who divided empire
 Constantine○ Emperor who made Christianity
legal in Roman Empire
 Germanic Tribes○ invaded empire
Byzantine Empire name
given to Eastern half of
empire
 capital at Constantinople