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Immunity Primary Function of the Immune System Provides protection against disruption by pathogens or toxins Helps discriminate between “self” and “nonself” Pathogen - Definition: – Any disease causing agent (microorganisms) Types: – – – – Bacteria Viruses Parasites Fungi Pathogen Comparison Bacteria vs. Virus Are they living? Can they reproduce? Do antibiotics work? How do they attack? ? Yes Yes Not without a host Yes No, can only treat symptoms Enters body, makes proteins & enzymes that are toxic (antigens) – Not a cell – DNA+ protein – 1)injects DNA into host – 2)Uses host’s machinery to make more viruses – 3)host breaks open releasing virus copies The Defenses Non-Specific Definition: – Agents do not have to recognize a foreign invader to fight it (work by preventing pathogen from entering the body) Examples: – – – – – – Skin Tears Saliva Sweat Mucus Macrophage Quick Time™a nd a Cinepa k deco mpre ssor are n eede d to s ee this picture . The Defenses Definition: Specific – Agents attacks only certain invaders, specialized defense Types of Cells – Helper T cells • 1st line of specific defense • Help recruit other immune cells & tell them to attack certain invaders – Killer T cells • Can distinguish virus infected cells from uninfected cells by the unique molecular signals on the infected cells surface – B cells • Told by helper T cells to make antibodies to prevent specific antigens from hurting the body…. “Memory” Lymphocyte Function T cell response – Attach to foreign antigen bearing cells and interact directly B cell response – Differentiate into plasma cells – Produce antibodies Cell Mediated Immunity Antibody Mediated Immunity Antibodies & Antigens Proteins Can recognize chemical signals from another cell (pathogen) “Self” Y shape Chemical signal on the surface of a pathogen Cell Mediated Immunity Killer (cytotoxic) T cells Killer T cells recognize body cells infected with a virus; then destroy those cells by drilling holes in their plasma membranes. QuickTime™ and a Vi deo decompre sso r are need ed to se e th is p icture. Cell or Antibody Mediated Immunity Helper T cells Helper T cells start the immune response by activating B or T cells. QuickTime™ and a Vi deo decompre sso r are need ed to se e th is p icture. T cells and cell-mediated immunity Macrophage Antigen-presenting cell cytotoxic T cell suppressor T cell Helper T cell Antigen-presenting cell APC B cell Antibody Mediated Immunity B cells – Activated when it encounters an antigen that fits its antigen receptor – Proliferates (colonial expansion) • Plasma cells->antibodies • Memory cells-->future fights QuickTime™ and a Vi deo decompre sso r are need ed to se e th is p icture. Vaccines What is in the shot they give you? – Dead or inactive (attenuated) pathogens How does it work? – Cause B cells to make antibodies against the foreign antigen QuickTime™ and a Vi deo decompre sso r are need ed to se e th is p icture. The Memory of Infection Autoimmune Disorders “Auto” = self Definition: a disease in which the immune system attacks the tissue of the body; cause is generally unknown Immune system distinguishes “self” from “non-self Examples: – multiple sclerosis (MS) T cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons Cold Virus, Rubella, & Strep Common Cold Virus – Influenza; contagious viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs which often occurs in the winter. Rubella virus – German measles Streptococcus bacterium – Strep throat is an infection of the pharynx caused by streptococcus bacteria. Treatments: – Strep Throat • Antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin – Rubella • Vaccine – Influenza