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nature VS nurture continuity VS discontinuity universal VS context specific Four Interactive forces Biological Genetics/Familial habits Life Span Timing/Experience We adapt differently Sociocultural Schema/Milieu Psychological Cognitive/Emotional/Perceptual PSYCHANALYTICAL THEORY Based off psychosexual development Pleasure principle reality principle Stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital The “id”, unconscious and is the source of psychic energy derived from instinctual needs and drives. Based off the “pleasure principle”. “Ego”, the balance between our own selfish impulses/desires and the values/morals our parents/society have imposed on us. It is a “SENSE OF SELF” = what the individual desires and values. It is our ability to put someone else’s needs above our own. The “super ego”. It is the morality and values that are instilled by our parents. This results in our conscience. It is what controls (or doesn’t) our behavior through guilt, fear, and self recrimination which can be the result of LOVE (we don’t want to disappoint them). neo-Freudian, referred to as PSYCHODYNAMIC Internal, unconscious drives/motives (intrapsychic) that are biologically FIXED De-emphasizes the role of biology/nature Erickson expanded to include” psychosocial” dimension Interaction of internal maturation and external societal demands=CRISIS Epigenetic principle, each conflict has it’s own special time, in an order=continuity and the resolution is BALANCE Trust VS mistrust Autonomy VS Integrity VS Shame/doubt eight stages despair Generativity VS stagnation Internal conflict Initiative VS guilt Intimacy VS Industry VS isolation inferiority Identity VS identity confusion Behaviorists; 1st is Watson all behavior is learned Tabula Rasa – we are a blank slate Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner Reinforcement –a result/consequence that increases the future likelihood that the preceding behavior will occur again. Positive reinforcement– the administration of a pleasant, desirable reward Negative reinforcement- the removal of an unpleasant event Punishment- This is NOT reinforcement. It is the administration of PAIN and suffering. It is meant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. Positive punishment is when the aversive (unpleasant) event is added after the behavior. Example: A child receives a spanking (added) every time they say “no” Negative punishment is when something pleasant is removed after an undesirable behavior. Example: A child looses TV privileges Successive approximation, “Baby steps” Modeling – behavior that is the result of watching others Schedules of reinforcement: RATIO: WHEN, how many responses before a reinforcement is delivered. INTERVAL: The amount of TIME before a reinforcement is delivered Fixed VS variable ratio Fixed VS variable Interval *****Thinking, individual solves the problem and then decides to cooperate or not (the screw you effect). PAVLOV: PAIRED a natural reflex with a neutral stimulus 1. Reflex is automatic 2. Neutral, does not elicit a response, it occurs naturally 3. Stimulus – causes arousal or reaction/reflex, it is “hardwired” into our survival instinct 4. Response – the arousal or reaction UCS- unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), pre-existing neutral stimulus (natural reflex) UCR- unconditioned response (salivation), pre-existing natural reaction CS- conditioned stimulus (bell), it is attached to neutral stimulus intentionally or unintentionally and acquires a VALUE of it’s own (no longer neutral) CR- Conditioned response (salivation to bell), it is a reaction or form of arousal that has been “elicited” (INTENTIONALLY created) Extinction- eliminating the pairing Spontaneous Recovery- the temporary reappearance of CR Generalization- a response is generalized to similar circumstances and/or things ****Expectancy theory of classical conditioning- Is it really AUTOMATIC? Subject learns to predict and prepare for the occurrence of an event. Based of the premise of imitation/observational learning = modeling (operant conditioning) and reciprocal determinism Bandura , Social Cognitive Theory Cognitive – people try and understand Social – other people are an important source of information Self-efficacy – the result of experience which results in a person’s belief about their own abilities/talents. This sense of self esteem will significantly affect interaction, resulting in the “self-fulfilling prophecy” and reflects CONTINUITY The construction of knowledge and how that changes over time This approach reflects discontinuity Piaget believed children THOUGHT about the world 1. this becomes increasingly more complex as their brain develops 2. He broke it down into four stages: Sensorimotor Preoperational Senses/motor symbols 0-2 2-6 Concrete operational logic in the here and now 7-early adolescence Formal operational abstract/hypothetical adolescence -decay The theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition; consciousness as the end product of socialization through observation and imitation . Scaffolding – a style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer the learner’s needs Zone of proximal development - a level of development attained when children engage in social behavior. This range of skill can be obtained with adult guidance or peer collaboration which exceeds what can be attained alone Private speech (talking to yourself) –comments that are not intended for others but are designed to help children regulate their own behavior Contextual Perspective –development is understood only in social context • Bioecological theory 1. Microsystem-everyday and face-face 2. Mesosystem-interlocking of microsystems 3. Exosystem-pre-existing links and institutions=external rules/laws/limits 4. Macrosystem-political/social/economic/dominant beliefs 5. Chronosystem-the dimension of time; CHANGE; personal and environmental Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective-explains adaptive or survival VALUE of behavior for an individual .based off Darwin’s theory of evolution a. survival of the fittest b. natural selection c. evolved mechanisms-behaviors developed to solve problems to an earlier environment but may have lost their value Ethology-study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of animal behavior a. Conrad Lorenz b. Bowlby- attachment Emotional ATTACHMENT to an adult increased survival This is gradual process that is elicited by infant behavior Evolutionary psychology-Darwin applied to individual behavior a. strive for personal survival and perpetuation of the species b. seeking to maximize children with similar characteristics c. places emphasis on bidirectional: interaction between person and environment