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Chapter 7 - Learning A) Classical Conditioning Associations made between a natural stimulus and a learned stimulus Ivan Pavlov – Dogs associated various items with food (Ringing Bell, A Feeder). They responded by salivating, or become excitable. Demo – rubber bands; clapping Role of Punishment and Rewards can be crucial. EX – List daily “conditions” Bedwetting solutions HAVER: “BLACKTOP” B) Operant Conditioning Results from a person’s actions and consequences they create. B.F. Skinner Reinforcement is the key. This may be in positive or negative ways. Ex. “Good Grades”: (+) = money (-) = you’ll be grounded if below 90 Demonstration – Human Mice; Hot/Cold Demonstration – classroom options… C) Social Learning Learning from the behavior of others. Could be either positive or negative behaviors. Ex? Related to “Observational Learning” Examples from “my” home life: 1) Reading (sister) 2) Making bed (parents/brother) Who do you imitate? Why? Albert Bandura: Dolls vs. Aggression Related – abuse Test: Following Directions; write your own set of clear, concise directions to be followed entirely for a simple human function. D) Cognitive Learning Learning through mental processing. Idea that much of what we learn is done subtly or abstractly (non-traditional) Ex. #13 Ex. Racial Stereotypes (chicken and watermelon) E) Bloom’s Taxonomy Breaks learning in to 3 encompassing areas: 1) Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge) 2) Affective: emotional growth, feelings (Attitude) 3) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (Skills) Other Factors Latent Learning – done below the surface (not obvious) (maze) Expectancies – beliefs about our own ability to perform an action and get desired rewards Key – a key to success in academics, sports, musicals… life! Reinforcement – places the value of one thing over another: Playstation vs Xbox Which do you prefer? If xbox, then that has higher reinforcement value. Cognitive Map - Grasp of where one is Relative to space. An accepted notion that Even simple organisms have Innate abilities…Mice! Bees – sending scouts