Download 5-2-classical_conditioning

WHS AP Psychology
Unit 5: Learning (Behaviorism)
Essential Task 5-2: Describe basic classical conditioning
phenomena with specific attention to unconditioned
stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, pairing,
acquisition, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response,
extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization,
stimulus discrimination, contingency, and higher-order
learning.
Learning
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively
permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
We are
here
Classical
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which a response
naturally elicited by one
stimulus becomes to be
elicited by a different
formally neutral stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
emitted to earn rewards
or avoid punishments
Social
Cognitive
Learning
Theory
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
learned by observing a
model
Pavlov and Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Reinforcement and
Punishment
Modeling and Vicarious
Learning
Essential
Task
5-2:
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
unconditioned response (UCR)
neutral stimulus
pairing
acquisition
conditioned stimulus (CS)
conditioned response (CR)
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery
contingency
higher-order learning (in classical conditioning)
Classical Conditioning
• Book definition: The type of learning in
which a response naturally elicited by one
stimulus becomes to be elicited by a
different formally neutral stimulus.
• Working definition:
–
–
–
–
Outline
Type of learning that happens TO someone
Person learns to respond to a stimulus.
Previously the stimulus meant nothing.
Now it means something IS ABOUT TO
HAPPEN.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Phobias
After the attacks, cats become a
warning stimulus for pain causing fear
when the child sees cats.
After this botched photo, 6 ft bunny
becomes warning stimulus for
someone trying to capture you.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Taste Aversion
After throwing up a food, it
becomes a warning stimulus
for getting sick.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Using Sex to Sell
Advertisers pair their product with sexual
imagery hoping that the product will
become a ‘promising stimulus’ for sexual
arousal. Hopefully this connection makes
you grab their product off the self .
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Key Psychologists
• Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist
known primarily for
his work in classical
conditioning.
Key Psychologists
• John B. Watson
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• A stimulus that invariably causes an
organism to responds in a specific way
Outline
Unconditioned response (UCR)
• A response that takes place in an
organisms whenever an unconditioned
stimulus occurs
Neutral Stimulus
• A stimulus that does not naturally
cause a response in the organism.
Pairing
• Presenting the organism with the CS
and then the UCS multiple times.
Acquisition
• refers to the first stages of learning
when a response is established. In
classical conditioning, it refers to the
period of time when the stimulus
comes to evoke the conditioned
response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• An originally neutral stimulus that is
paired with an unconditioned stimulus
an eventually produces the desired
response in an organism when
presented alone.
Conditioned Response (CR)
• After conditioning, the response an
organism produces when only a
conditioned stimulus is presented.
Stimulus Generalization
• the transfer of a learned response to
different but similar stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination
• learning to respond to only one
stimulus and to inhibit the response to
all other stimuli.
Extinction
• Extinction is a decrease in the strength
or frequency of a learned response
because of no longer pairing the US
and CS
Spontaneous Recovery
• reappearance of an extinguished
response after the passage of time,
without further conditioning
Contingency Theory of Classical Conditioning
For Pavlov, the key variable in associative
learning was the number of times the CS was
paired with the US.
The Pairings Principle:
As the number of pairings increases, the
strength of the association between CS and
US increases.
This was because the CS became a more
reliable signal that the US was going to
occur.
Contingency Theory of Classical
Conditioning
In the 1960s, an alternative theory was proposed
by Robert A. Rescorla, the Contingency Theory.
Rescorla agreed with Pavlov that for learning
to take place, the CS had to be a useful
predictor of the US.
But he disagreed on what made the CS a
useful predictor. It was more complicated
than the number of CS-US pairings.
He maintained that it was the contingency OR
THE CONNECTION between the CS and US.
Higher Order Learning in Classical
Conditioning
• Also known as second order conditioning.
• A form of learning in which a stimulus is
first made meaningful or consequential for
an organism through an initial step of
learning, and then that stimulus is used as a
basis for learning about some new stimulus.
For example, an animal might first learn to
associate a bell with food (first-order
conditioning), but then learn to associate a
light with the bell (second-order
conditioning).