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What differentiates a plant cell from an animal cell? 12D The student is expected to differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole; 12E The student is expected to compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal; Review: Common Cell Structures and Functions Structure Cell membrane Function Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance inside the cell but outside of the nucleus that dissolves sugars, salts, and chemicals and where important chemical reactions take place Nucleus Mitochondria Contains the DNA Barrier that separates the cell’s contents from the outside Selects what materials go in or out of the cell Converts sugars into usable energy molecules so cells can do work in a process called cellular respiration How plant cells are enclosed Cell membrane Cell wall • Plant cells have cell membranes, but they are very thin and crushed against the cell wall unlike an animal cell membrane which is substantial. – It is common for plant cells to be talked about as just having a cell wall. Cell wall • Cell walls select what materials go in and out of cells. • Cell walls are strong. – prevent a plant cell from exploding when in contact with pure or almost pure water – act as skeletal system for plant cells Vacuoles store water in plant cells. • Plant cells have large vacuoles with an important function for the plant cell. – Only some animal cells have vacuoles, and they are small with minor function. • The vacuole fills with so much water that it swells up and pushes against the cell membrane. • Because a cell wall is present too, the plant cell doesn’t explode. The pressure the vacuole exerts on the cell wall is called turgor pressure. • If you water a plant cell with salt water, it will shrink the cell and cause the plant cell to die. • If a plant does not have enough water, it will become droopy. • If a plant cell has plenty of fresh water, turgor pressure will result, and the plant will hold itself up. TURGOR PRESSURE Turgor pressure is one way plants respond to an environment with plenty of water. How plants obtain energy • Plants do not “eat” food for energy. • Plants must make their own food and convert that to energy or store it for later use. • Chloroplast: organelle that captures radiant energy from sunlight and converts that to sugar molecules Making, using, storing energy • Plants make energy molecules (sugar) through the process of photosynthesis. • Plants use sugar molecules to create energy needed to carry on its functions through the process of cellular respiration. • Plants store unused sugar molecules in the form of starch. – Examples: potato, carrot root, garlic bulbs