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Classification grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and WHY CLASSIFY? In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of living organisms in an organized manner, biologists classify organisms This means that they group organisms together based on their common characteristics Early classification Animals & Plants With the discovery of the MICROSCOPE in the 1600’s many new organisms were discovered This was the basis for the change in the classification system BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature (2 names in Latin) GenusSpecies ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo sapiens Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the species name MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: KINGDOM PHYLLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES HOW TO REMEMBER THAT: KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP KINGDOMS: The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following criteria: 1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane 2. Unicellularity versus Archaebacteria most primitive and often live in extreme environments LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH ENVIRONMENTS unicellular and no nucleus th This is the Proposed 6 KINGDOM Kingdom Monera bacteria and blue green algae have a primitive cell structure no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane Three basic types of bacteria Coccus Baccillus- Kingdom Protista Predominately unicellular organisms with plant or animal-like characteristics examples include protozoa and all algae except the blue-green have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane Classification of Protists: Most Animal-like Protists Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or in the bodies of other organisms Plant-like Protists: Spirogyra plant-like Protists that contains thread-like filaments of chloroplasts They may reproduce asexually by MITOSIS or sexually by CONJUGATION Plant and Animal like Protists The Euglena: exhibits both animal-like and Plantlike characteristics contains chloroplasts, which are involved in PHOTOSYNTHESIS contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on the KINGDOM FUNGI examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms cells are usually organized into branched, multinucleate filaments which absorb digested food from the external environment Kingdom Plantae multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls make their own food PHOTOSYNTHESIS Reproduce sexually – can be asexual Vascular plants are more advanced they have evolved specialized tissues, xylem, which is involved in structural support and water conduction, and ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL Kingdom Animalia multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – HETEROTROPHS Reproduce sexually Viruses not classified in a kingdom contain genetic material (DNA) but lack cell structures only carry on the life function of reproduction They must have a host (another living organism) to be able to reproduce Papillomavirus is a DNA virus that causes warts POLIO Bacteriophages invade the host cell, take over the cell, and begin replicating viruses, eventually lysing or bursting the host cell, releasing the new viruses to infect additional cells