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CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The West and the Changing Balance of Power
World Civilizations, The Global Experience
AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
I. The Decline of the Old Order
II. The Rise of the West
III. Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase
IV. Outside the World Network
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
I. The Decline of the Old Order
Abbasids destroyed by Mongols, 13th century
Baghdad fell to Mongols
Overreliance on foreign troops and advisors
Byzantine Empire in decline
Constantinople falls to Ottomans Turks in 1453
A. Social and Cultural Change in the Middle East
Society became less secular, more focused on religious ideas
Religious leaders in control by 1300
Ibn-Rushd (Averröes) from Muslim Spain spoke of Greek rationalism
More popular in Europe, ignored by Middle East
As caliphate declined, landlords dominated peasants
Peasants lost freedom, became serf on large plantations
Economic decline: Agricultural production and development declined, trading declined, taxes declined
B. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership
Mongols
Decline hinders international trade
Ottomans
Not an international power, no established international trade network
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
I. The Decline of the Old Order
C. Chinese Thrust and Withdrawal
Ming (“brilliant”) dynasty (1368-1644)
Replaces the Yuan
Expansionist
Into Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
State sponsors commercial ventures
to India, Middle East, Africa
Chinese fleets
Zhenghe, Muslim admiral from western China
Why did expeditions stop in 1433?
China became more isolationist
Still trade in Asian area
Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
II. The Rise of the West
Period of relative stagnation, 14th, 15th centuries
Why was the rise of the West surprising?
Still awed by other bureaucracies
Church under attack
warrior aristocrats softened life – ridiculous tournaments/armor
Warrior aristocrats indulged in ritual, had soft lifestyle
No longer useful militarily
lives of ordinary Europeans falling apart
Famine -Food supplies insufficient
food supply not enough for population, no new food production techniques
Vulnerable to bubonic plague (Black Death)
China’s population hit by 30%
Europe lost 30 million (at its worse from 1348-1375)
Led to strikes/peasant uprisings
A. Sources of Dynamism: Medieval Vitality
Monarchies
Increasingly centralized --- non-aristocratic soldiers paid directly by royal govt.
Aristocracy less of a threat
The Hundred Years War (Britain vs. France) stimulated innovations in military organization
Iberia
Monarchs strengthened through Reconquista – Christian leaders re-conquered parts of Spain and
Portugal and drove out the Muslims
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
Commercial Activity Increased
Church accepted capitalism, profit-seeking
Advancement in technology
iron-work (bells and weapons)
Timekeeping
B. Imitation and International Problems (Two Additional Factors
Related to Europe’s International Position)
Mongol Empire provided new access to Asian knowledge and technology
(printing, compass, explosive powder)
Western Europe eager learners because of internal conflict and “merchant zeal”
Trade imbalance
Western elites increasingly consuming Asian luxury products
Europeans had only to offer wool, tin, copper, honey, salt
Unfavorable balance had to made up in gold – gold famine threatened
European economic collapse
Trade also threatened by rise of Ottomans, who were positioned to act as intermediaries in
Asian trade routes . This was impetus to find other routes to Asia
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
II. The Rise of the West
C. Secular Directions in the Italian Renaissance
West’s surge forward – rebirth of culture and political views of Classical Europe
Artists created more human-centered works of art – humanism
Artist/writers pushed for own reputation/glory
Works now secular, and religious simultaneously
Italy center of initial Renaissance – wealthy merchants wanted to impress others – patrons
Help sponsor cultural activities, scholars – competition
D. Human Values and Renaissance Culture
Focus of art changed – it’s a cultural revolution
Subject – people, nature, portraits
Introduction of perspective using new colors and materials
Vivid, realistic statues similar to classic Rome/Greece
Not a full separation from Medieval World since art usually had to involve religion
Change mindset – looking outward
Italian commerce and shipping building block
Ambitious city-state governments funded new ventures, eager to collect taxes
Human ambition, pursuit of glory focused on exploration/conquest
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
E. The Iberian Spirit of Religious Mission
Key center for change by the 14yh century
Castile and Aragon (major regional monarchies) allied through marriage in 1469
Spanish and Portugese rulers pushing military/religious agenda
Had effective armies (infantry and cavalry)
Mission of govt. armies to push Christianity, expel Arabs/Jews
Government enforced Church codes
Inquisition courts to enforce orthodoxy
Important factor was government with religious mission
III. Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase
A. Early Explorations
The Genoese Vivaldi brothers
sought western route to the “Indies” (spice-producing areas in South and southeast Asia)
1291, disappear after passing Gibraltar
14th century explorers
Canary Islands, Madeiras, possibly the Azores
Spanish expeditions along west African coast
What innovations encouraged early explorations?
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
B. Colonial Patterns
How do you make expeditions profitable?
Henry the Navigator pushed for scientific, intellectual, religious, economic motivations
Funded 1/3 of Portugese voyages before death in 1460
Azores, Maderias, Canaries under the control of Portugal and Spain
Islands off Africa became test ground for colonialism
Large agricultural estates used for cash crops for European markets – sugar first, then cotton , tobacco
Portugese brought in slaves from northwestern Africa
Success of early programs led to expansion
Southern Atlantic, coast of Africa, across the Atlantic
Forces influencing European expansion
inferiorities and fears - Muslims
energies of Renaissance merchants
economic pressures
population surge
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
IV. Outside the World Network
Americas and Polynesia not part of international trade
A. Political Issues in the Americas
Aztec and Inca challenged after 1400
Aztecs face resistance from subjects
Inca expansion jeopardizes the state
Local leaders a threat to central power
B. Expansion, Migration, and Conquest in Polynesia
700-1400
Migrations, conquest
Hawaii settled
Organized into regional kingdoms, warlike
Caste system with priests and nobles on top
Polynesian Expansion
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power
IV. Outside the World Network
C. Isolated Achievements by the Maoris
New Zealand settled as early as the 8th century
Maori successfully adapted to lad that was colder and harsher than homeland
Population expansion from small group to about 200,000 in 18 th century
Most elaborate of Polynesian art
D. Adding Up the Changes
1400 a time of change globally
Technological change (compass, astrolabe)
Why did existing patterns (continuity) in Africa persist?
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007