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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
35
Power, Politics and
Conflict in World
History, 1990-2010
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Big Picture
• Two trends that began in the early modern
period accelerated in the decades following
World War II
– The power of the nation state and the power of
national identity in world populations
– Globalization in all matters of life for more people
 Few pockets where global cultural patterns did not have a
significant effect- remember the Paleolithic?... How far we
have come!
• These trends coupled by the end of the Cold
War generated new threats throughout the
world
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Three major topics of this lecture
• End of the Cold War and global
realignments
• Globalization and cultural identity in failed
states
• The power of non-state actors in global
society
• 9-11 and the aftermath
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The End of the Bi-Polar World
• The western model of liberal democracy (free
market based economies and secular
democracies) was globally challenged by the
Marxist model of socialist command economies
and atheistic communist autocracies
• In this geopolitical struggle, the west (primarily
the United States) often supported anticommunist autocrats (that had many features of
the fascists of World War II)
• The global power and influence of communist
ideology reached its height somewhere around
1980 when the communist-non-communist
balance rapidly shifted
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communist Counties 1980
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Communist World
• The ideal that communism was a singular
world movement proved to be erroneous by
1960
– The Sino-Soviet split revealed differing visions and
competition for leadership in global communism
– Communist movements ironically were often more
nationalist than communist- a liberation movement
against imperialism and neo-imperialism
• The United States under Richard Nixon began
to play this to America’s advantage in the early
1970’s
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The 1980’s and the Changing
Balance: China
• In China
– The tragedy of the cultural revolution and
subsequent death of Mao opened room for the
pragmatists to initiate market reforms
 Socialism with Chinese characteristics (i.e. state
capitalism)
– Political liberalization did not follow market
liberalization- Tiananmen Square Massacre
– China’s economic trajectory has supported its
growing role in world affairs- Return of the Middle
Kingdom?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The 1980’s and the Changing
Balance: Soviet Union
• The Soviet Union had a number of factors
working against it through the 1980’s
– Demoralized and restive allies (satellite nations)
– A stagnant and inefficient economy
 State economic planning generated ecological
catastrophies
– An accelerating arms race instituted by US and
President Ronald Reagan (Peace through
strength)
• Reform minded Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev came to power in 1985 proposing
economic and political reforms
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Impact of Gorbachev’s Reforms
• Economic reforms- perestroika
– Institute limited market-style incentives to
ramp up production
– Economic stagnation continued
• Political reforms- glasnost
– Invited openness and political debate
• This combination of reforms coupled by
the failures of Soviet communism proved
to be fatal to the Soviet Union
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Fatal Combination
• Combining openness to criticize with continued
economic failure opened a floodgate of dissent
– Fear of oppression and livable economic results
sustained communism in its years in the Soviet
Union- they were gone
– Weakening of class ideology of Communism would
invite resurgence of nationalism
 Soviet Union had 15 united republics and dozens of
autonomous regions within the Russian Republic
• The collapse of communism in the west began
outside the USSR where fear of Soviet
intervention declined in the 1980’s
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Wayward Satellites
• Polish labor movement seriously challenged
communist government in 1980
– Inspired by the first Polish Pope John Paul II
– President Reagan warned USSR against interfering
• Non-communist movements in eastern Europe
increased after Gorbachev’s reforms and promise not
to interfere in affairs of neighbors
• Most communist governments unseated peacefullyBerlin Wall comes don in November 1989
• End of communism in Yugoslavia opened door for
competing nationalist movements that would generate
a series of inter-ethnic civil wars in the 1990’s
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
1991- The End of the Soviet
Union
• In summer of 1991, a failed military coup tried to
remove Gorbachev from power
– Popular support for Gorbachev stalled the coup and
demonstrated growing democratic tendencies fed by
reforms- people did not want to go back to a Stalinist
system
– Leadership within republics grew stronger- autonomy
movements
 Baltic Republics first to declare independence
 December 1991, Soviet Union liquidated into 15 separate
republics- most renouncing communism but many remaining
autocratic
– Gorbachev swept from power when his state was
swept from history
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Party’s Over!
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Global Impact of the End of the
Cold War
• American hegemony- no single nation could
seriously match the power of the United
States
• Emerging nations could find no counterweight to pressure the United States
• America less interested in supporting anticommunist autocrats- significant spread of
democracy
• Communist states remained but the largest
became fully integrated in the world economy
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Communist Nations Today
• Add Cuba and
possibly
Venezuela and
that is
communism
today
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Freedom of the Press in 2012
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Interethnic Conflicts in the
Artificial States of Africa
• Inter-ethnic tensions were used by European
colonialists to rule colonies
• With independence delivered without
promised economic gains would bring rise to
ethnic tensions in many African states
• Conflict often more of an ethnic cleansing or
genocide- not defeating an army but
removing a people from a territory
– Infamous Rwanda genocide of 1994
• Popular frustration with weak or unstable
government could have global impact
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Failed States and Non-State
Actors
• States and governments are not the only
international actors of our global age
– NGO’s
– Multi-National Corporations
– International crime
• Terrorist networks that fed on growing
alienation of populations attempt to use little
resources and lacking recognized central
authority to challenge the state’s monopoly of
force
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Terrorism: Nothing New
• Terror as an act of political force dates back to the
earliest assassinations
• With the rise of the state as the primary international
actor and social organizer, an attack on civilians is in
effect an attack on the government from which they
owe allegiance
– Threatening population undermines the authority and
power of the state
– Terrorism brings disproportionate attention to an issue
(few people can get the attention of the world)
– It may be easier to bomb a bus station than kill a head of
state
• The state’s response to terror may in effect validate
and elevate the power of the terrorists
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contemporary Terror: An Age of
Opportunity
• Many forces conspire to support global terror
networks
– Internet and cellular communication are more
widely available
 Counter-terrorism measures criticized as a threat to
privacy
– Growing populations of alienated young men who
have a world view that belies their poverty and
powerlessness
– Global society and the rapid movement of people
and ideas across boarders
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A General History to 9/11
• Islamic identity movements are among groups
applying terror to meet political goals
• In 1923, Turkish government ended its role of
caliph
• Sayyid Qutb and political Islam (see 873)
– 20th century Egyptian- Islam as a political force to
challenge western secular liberalism- The primacy of
God’s law- Founding member of Muslim Brotherhood
• Saudi Arabia and other Arab states ally with US (in
spite of its support of Israel)
– Fear of power and influence of Shiite Islamic Republic
of Iran and nationalist power of Iraq
 This would raise the ire of Saudi Osama bin Laden (see 916)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A Clash of Civilizations?
• Political Scientist Samuel P Huntington proposed
that Islamic religious identity movements will
replace the political rivalry as the primary source
of global conflict in the post-Cold War
– The exclusivity of religious identity makes religious
assimilation less possible than other forms of cultural
assimilation
– Religious identity heightened
– The kin-country syndrome
• How has religious identity been used to generate
political change?
– The example of Israel as the uniting would of Islamic
identity movements
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Why is the United States a
Target?
• America’s support of Israel, especially after the
1967 War- an Naksah “The Setback” in Arabic
• America and its allies sent troops to Saudi Arabia
in 1990 to oppose Saddam Hussein (See Osama
bin Laden source)
• Al-Qaeda “The base”- Terrorist network that
organizes and trains in failed states or areas
outside control of states
• The Taliban’s (Governing party of Afghanistan)
support of Al-Qaeda made it the target of a U.S
invasion (longest war in American history)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.