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Essentials of
Understanding Psychology
9th Edition
By Robert Feldman
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
Chapter 2:
Neuroscience and Behavior
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
MODULE 5: Neurons:
The Basic Elements of Behavior
• Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous
system?
• What are the basic elements of the nervous system?
• How does the nervous system communicate electrical and
chemical messages from one part to another?
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Structure of the Neuron
• Neurons (Nerve cells)
– Basic elements of the nervous system
– As many as 1 trillion
• glial cells
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Structure of the Neuron
• Dendrites
– Clusters of fibers that receive messages from other
neurons
• Axon
– Carries messages received by the dendrites to other
neurons
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Structure of the Neuron
• Terminal buttons
– Sends messages to other neurons
– Impulses
• Myelin sheath
– Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the
axon like links of sausage
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
How Neurons Fire
• Transmit an electrical impulse along the axon
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All-or-none law
Resting state
Action potential
Mirror neurons
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
Where Neurons Meet:
Bridging the Gap
• Synapse
– Space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron
communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using
chemical messages
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
Where Neurons Meet:
Bridging the Gap
• Neurotransmitters
– Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a
dendrite of a receiving neuron
• Excitatory messages
– Increase likelihood that neuron will fire
• Inhibitory messages
– Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire
• Reuptake
– Reabsorption by the terminal button
» SSRIs
BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
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Neurotransmitters:
Multitalented Chemical Couriers
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
Glutamate
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Dopamine (DA)
Serotonin
Endorphins
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
MODULE 6:
The Nervous System & the Endocrine System
• Communicating Within the Body
– How are the structures of the nervous system linked
together?
– How does the endocrine system affect behavior?
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Nervous System:
Linking Neurons
• Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
– Central nervous system
• Spinal cord
– Reflex
» Sensory (afferent) neurons
» Motor (efferent) neurons
» Interneurons
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Nervous System:
Linking Neurons
• Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
– Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic division
– Voluntary movements
• Autonomic division
– Controls organs that function automatically
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
Activating the Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic Division
– Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations by
engaging all of the organism’s resources to run away or
confront the threat
• “Fight or flight”
• Parasympathetic Division
– Calms the body after emergency ends
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Evolutionary Foundations of the
Nervous System
• Evolutionary Psychology
– Branch of psychology that seeks to identify how behavior is
influenced and produced by our genetic inheritance from our
ancestors
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Evolutionary Foundations of the
Nervous System
• Behavioral Genetics
– Studies the effects of heredity on behavior
• Molecular genetics and psychological disorders
– Genetic markers
• Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic counseling
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Endocrine System: Chemicals
and Glands
• Chemical communication network that sends messages
throughout the body via the bloodstream
– Hormones
– Pituitary gland
• “Master gland”
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
MODULE 7: The Brain
• How do researchers identify the major parts and
functions of the brain?
• What are the major parts of the brain, and for what
behaviors is each part responsible?
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
MODULE 7: The Brain
• How do the two halves of the brain operate
interdependently?
• How can an understanding of the nervous system help us
find ways to alleviate disease and pain?
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions
• Spying on the Brain
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
• Central Core
– Hindbrain
• Medulla
– Breathing and heartbeat
• Pons
– Transmitter of motor information
• Cerebellum
– Balance
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
• Central Core
– Reticular formation
• Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain
• Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
• Central Core
– Thalamus
• Relay station for information about the senses
– Hypothalamus
• Homeostasis
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
• The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core
– Amygdala
– Hippocampus
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Cerebral Cortex:
Our “New Brain”
• Cerebral Cortex
– Gives the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments
• Lobes
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Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Cerebral Cortex:
Our “New Brain”
• The Motor Area of the Cortex
– Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement
• The Sensory Area of the Cortex
– Corresponds to body sensations
• Somatosensory area
– Touch
– Pressure
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Cerebral Cortex:
Our “New Brain”
• The Association Areas of the Cortex
– Executive functions
• Higher mental processes such as planning, goal setting, judgment, and
impulse control
– Phineas Gage
– Aphasia
» Broca’s aphasia
» Wernicke’s aphasia
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
Neuroplasticity and the Brain
• Neuroplasticity
– The brain continually reorganizing itself
• Neurogenesis
– New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during
adulthood
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
The Specialization of the Hemispheres
• Two Brains or One?
• Left and right symmetrical halves
– Lateralized
• Left
– Verbal competence
– Processes information sequentially
• Right
– Spatial relationships
– Recognition of patterns and drawings
– Music
– Emotional expression
– Processes information globally
BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)
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The Split Brain:
Exploring the Two Hemispheres
• Split-brain patients
– Corpus callosum surgically cut
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BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)