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Human Body Systems The Nervous System Overview of organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems • Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a particular function • Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous, and Connective tissues • The human body is composed of 11 organ systems. Homeostasis • The body’s ability to physiologically maintain a stable, internal condition within narrow limits Neurons • The basic structural unit of the nervous system that transmits impulses throughout your body • 3 Types: – Sensory – Motor – Interneuron Nerve Impulses • Electrical impulse due to a chemical change along the membrane of a neuron • Resting Potential: electrical potential of the neural membrane (70mV), created by Na/K pump, creates charge difference • Threshold: Minimum level of stimulus to activate a neuron, a neuron is an all or nothing response • The Moving Impulse: a domino effect, selfpropagating Synapse • Is defined as a gap that separates two neurons (one’s axon from another’s dendrite) • When the AP reaches the axon terminal, synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters. • The neurotransmitters then travel across the cleft and bind to the post synaptic receptor. • This causes depolarization, and the AP continues • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqvJZ1STL os&NR=1&feature=fvwp • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xysT9JD7i 0w&NR=1&feature=fvwp CNS • Consists of: – Brain: control center of the body – Spinal Cord: 31 pairs of spinal nerves that relay messages – Meninges: Three protective layers of connective tissue (Dura matter, Pia Matter, Arachnoid) – Cerebrospinal fluid: acts as shock absorber to protect the CNS, also allows exchange of nutrients PARTS OF THE BRAIN! • Cerebrum: largest portion of brain; two hemispheres connected by corpus collusom; each hemisphere is divided into lobes named after the part of the skull that covers them. • Cerebellum: Back of skull, coordinates and balances action of muscles Brain (cont’d) • Brain Stem: Below cerebellum; consists of pons, and MO. Controls involuntary functions • Hypothalamus: Controls hunger, thirst, body temp, anger, and fatigue. • Thalamus: receives info from sense organs and relays them to proper region of cortex. Spinal Cord • Relay station protected by vertebrae. – What is a reflex? • A quick automatic response to a stimulus. • The body responds before the brain is notified. PNS • 2 Types: – Somatic: directs the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle – Autonomic: controls involuntary muscles and organs. • Sympathetic: fight or flight response • Parasympathetic: digestive functions The Senses • Sensory Receptor: neurons that react directly to stimuli from the environment – Pain: transmits pain from injuries & disease – Thermo: nerve endings that sense temp – Mechano: touch and pressure – Chemo: sense chemicals, monitors taste and smell – Photo: sense of light/found in retina 5 Senses • Vision • Hearing • Smell • Taste • Touch