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The Nervous System
The Lay of the Land
Nervous system
Central
nervous system
Peripheral
nervous system
Central
nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral
nervous system
Somatic
nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system
Nervous system
Central
nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral
nervous system
Somatic
nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system
Figure 2.2 The human nervous system
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Nervous system
Central
nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral
nervous system
Somatic
nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system
Afferent nerves
Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves
Efferent nerves
Sympathetic
nervous system
Parasympathetic
nervous system
Generally speaking…
• Sympathetic nervous
system
– Gets body ready for
“fight or flight”
• Parasympathetic
nervous system
– Saves energy, slows
things down to normal
after danger is over
Protecting the
Central Nervous System
Figure 2.12 Structures that protect the CNS
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Meninges: Layers of protection
• Dura mater
(tough mother)
• Arachnoid mater
(spiderweblike
membrane)
• Pia mater
(pious mater)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Water bed
• Central canal
• Cerebral ventricles
Figure 2.14 The ventricular system
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
The Blood-Brain Barrier
• Prevents harmful substances in the blood
from entering the brain
• The cells that make up the walls of the
blood vessel walls are squeezed close
together, so many molecules cannot pass
through
The Blood-Brain Barrier
• Substances that are important for brain
and body functioning can pass through
• Psychotropic drugs, anti-histamines
Cells of the
Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
• Neurons
• Glial cells
Neurons
Figure 2.5 A typical neuron and synapse
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 2.6 The four major types of synapses
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
2. Glial cells
• Oligodendrocytes
– Myelin sheath of central nervous system
• Schwann cells
– Myelin sheath of peripheral nervous system
Figure 2.9 Types of glial cellsS
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
2. Glial cells
• Astrocytes
– Astro = star
– Helps maintain the
blood-brain barrier
– Provide neurons with
nutrients
– Support neurons:
protect and hold
neurons in place
– Keep neurons
separated to prevent
messages from being
mistakenly transmitted
2. Glial cells
• Microglial
– Micro = small
– Clean up neurons that
have died
Central
nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
The Spinal Cord
• 31 pairs of spinal
nerves
–
–
–
–
–
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Figure 2.10 The 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Gray matter: cell bodies
White matter: axons
Figure 2.15 Section of the spinal cord
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 1.3 A cross-sectional view of part of the spinal cord
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Dorsal, afferent, sensory
• Ventral, efferent, motor
Major Structures of the Brain
Major Structures of the Brain
• Hindbrain
• Midbrain
• Forebrain
Major Structures of the Brain
• Hindbrain
Figure 2.17 The hindbrain
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Hindbrain
• Medulla
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Medulla
• Vital functions
(heart beat,
breathing)
• Swallowing,
coughing,
sneezing
• Pons
• Relays info
between
cerebellum and
forebrain
• Sleep
• Levels of
consciousness
• Cerebellum
• Balance
• Motor function
• Movement
• Posture
Major Structures of the Brain
• Midbrain
Figure 2.18 The midbrain
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Midbrain
• Periaqueductal gray
• Substantia nigra
• Periaqueductal gray
– Drugs that reduce pain
• Substantia nigra
– Latin for “black
substance”
– Dopamine
Major Structures of the Brain
• Forebrain
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebral cortex
• Limbic system
• Basal ganglia
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10401930
• Thalamus
• Relays information
from all senses
except smell
• Like a telephone
switchboard that
conveys
information from
vision, hearing,
touch.
Figure 2.21 The thalamus
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
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• Hypothalamus
– Controls release of
hormones
– that stimulate
growth
– when under
stress
• Controls
temperature,
hunger, thirst
Figure 2.22 The hypothalamus
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
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• The cerebral cortex
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
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• Frontal lobe
–
–
–
–
–
Movement
Memory
Decision-making
Emotion
Conscious control of
behavior
– Personality
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Damage to the frontal lobe
• Difficulty with responding to the
environment
– Not following rules
– Impaired learning
• Changes in personality
• Temporal lobe
– Hearing
– Memory
– Language
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Parietal lobe
– Information from touch
– Making sense of
spatial relationships in
the environment
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Damage to the parietal lobe
• Right parietal lobe: neglect of left side
• Occipital lobe
– Vision
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• The limbic system
Figure 2.23 The limbic system
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
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• Amygdala: fear and
escape
• Hippocampus:
memory
• The basal ganglia
Figure 2.23 The basal ganglia
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Basal ganglia
• Voluntary movements
– Parkinson’s disease
– Huntington’s disease
– Tourette’s
Figure 2.4 Anatomical directions and perspectives
Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology
© 2007 by Worth Publishers