Download Chapter 10: Emotion and motivation PowerPoint

Chapter 10:
Emotion and
motivation
Slides prepared by
Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos,
adapted by Dr Mark Forshaw, Staffordshire University, UK
1
Emotional Experience:
The Feeling Machine
2
Emotional Experience
• Imagine ‘being in love’
• Having the emotion is easy
• Describing it is hard
– could focus on sources
– could focus on physiology
– could try to describe the experience
3
What Is Emotion?
• Feelings versus
moods versus
emotions
• Multidimensional
scaling
• Dimension of
arousal
• Dimension of
valence (feeling)
4
The Emotional Body
• James-Lange Theory
– Events occur, they trigger a brain response
which creates an emotion
• Cannon-Bard Theory
– Events simultaneously trigger an autonomic
nervous system response AND an emotion
• Two-Factor Theory
– Emotions are inferences about physiological
arousal that hasn't been differentiated
5
Physiology of Emotion
6
The Emotional Brain
• Temporal lobe syndrome
• Amygdala
– Appraisal
– Acts very fast to distinguish threat from nonthreat
– Acts BEFORE you have worked out the
details of the stimulus
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The Emotional Brain
• Amygdala
– make a rapid
appraisal (PURPLE
route)
• Cortex
– make a slow,
thorough appraisal
(TURQUISE route)
Stimulus
Fear response
8
The Emotional Brain
• Emotional regulation
– typically to turn negative into positive
– may sometimes need to “cheer down”
• Reappraisal
– thinking can change feeling
– shown photo of woman crying at funeral
amygdala became active
– asked to reappraise and imagine woman is at
wedding
cortex became active and then amygdala deactivated
9
Emotional
Communication:
Msgs w/o Wrds
10
Communicative Expression
• Universality hypothesis
– cross-cultural research supports this
– congenitally blind persons make same expressions as
others
• The cause and effect of expression
– feelings cause emotional expressions (muscles)
– facial-feedback hypothesis
– people with trouble experiencing emotions have
trouble recognizing the emotions of others
11
Deceptive Expression
• Display rules
– Intensification = exaggerating
– Deintensification = muting expression
– Masking = expressing one emotion whilst
feeling another
– Neutralizing = feeling an emotion but
displaying none
12
Deceptive Expression
• Our attempts to obey our culture’s display rules
are sometimes betrayed by incomplete control of
facial muscles
• Four sets of features that allow careful observer
to tell whether our emotional expression is
sincere
–
–
–
–
morphology
symmetry
duration
temporal patterning
13
Deceptive Expression
• Humans are generally not that good at
detecting when others are lying
• Accuracy based on profession (100% =
perfect accuracy, 50% = guessing), some
trained professionals can achieve 80%
[Ekman & O’Sullivan(1991)], whereas most
people are no better than chance [Ekman,
1992]
14
Deceptive Expression
• Polygraph
– measures physiological changes associated
with stress
– high false positive rate
• Blood flow in brain and face
– some brain areas are more active when
people lie than when they tell the truth
15
Motivation: Getting
Moved
16
Motivation
• Motivation
• Function of emotion
– we use mood to make judgments
• Capgras Syndrome
– Damage to connections between limbic
system and temporal lobe
• Hedonic principle
– motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize
pain
17
Motivation
• Conceptualising motivation
– Instincts
according to the text, “nature endows us with certain
motivations and […] experience endows us with
others”
– Drives
• Departing from the optimal state creates a drive
– Homeostasis
• A system will find its own ‘balance’
18
Motivation
• Eating and mating
• Maslow’s
hierarchy
– organise urges or
needs
19
The Hunger Signal
• Body needs energy = sends orexigenic
signal (tells brain to switch hunger on)
– ghrelin
• Body has sufficient energy = sends
anorexigenic signal (tells brain to switch
hunger off)
– leptin
20
Hypothalamus and Eating
• Primary receiver of
hunger signals is
hypothalamus
• Lateral hypothalamus
receives orexigenic
signals
• Ventromedial
hypothalamus
receives anorexigenic
signals
21
Eating Problems
• Bulimia nervosa
– caught in a cycle
• Anorexia nervosa
– even though body is producing high levels of
ghrelin (trying to switch hunger on), hunger’s
call is suppressed, ignored, or over-ridden
• Obesity
– human body is designed to resist weight loss
so obesity is natural consequence of high
calorie existence
22
Sexual Interest
• In some ways, sexual interest follows a
simple wiring scheme
– glands secrete hormones
– hormones travel to brain
– brain stimulates sexual desire
– but what triggers the launch and which
hormones and which brain parts?
23
Sexual Interest
• Hormone dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA)
seems to be involved in initial onset of
sexual desire
• Both males and females produce
testosterone and oestrogen
– males produce more testosterone
– females produce more oestrogen
• Testosterone appears to be involved in
sex drive for both men and women
24
Sexual Activity
• Human sexual
response cycle
–
–
–
–
–
excitement phase
plateau phase
orgasm phase
resolution phase
refractory period
25
Kinds of Motivation
• Extrinsic motivation
• Intrinsic motivation
– extrinsic motivators can undermine intrinsic
motivation
• Conscious motivation
• Unconscious motivation
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Kinds of Motivation
• Need for achievement
– Unconscious desire to ‘get somewhere’, solve
a problem etc.
• Approach motivation
– Desire to experience a positive outcome
• Avoidance motivation
– Desire to avoid a negative outcome
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