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AP PSYCH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE – MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS & HEALTH MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS A. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology » Terms to Know: Motivations Instinct B. Drives and Incentives » Terms to Know: Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Incentives 1. Why was instinct theory replaced by evolutionary psychology? 2. What is an example of the push and pull we often feel with needs and incentives? C. Optimum Arousal » Terms to Know: Optimal arousal theory Yerkes-Dodson law D. A Hierarchy of Motives » Terms to Know: Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs 3. What was the highest level Maslow added to his hierarchy of needs? Motivational Theory Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psychology Drive-Reduction Theory Optimal Arousal Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Strength Weakness AP PSYCH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE – MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS & HEALTH HUNGER MOTIVATION A. The Physiology of Hunger » Terms to Know: Glucose Arcuate nucleus Set point Basal metabolic rate 4. What physiological factors produce hunger? Appetite Hormones Ghrelin Function Insulin Leptin Orexin PYY B. The Psychology of Hunger 5. What cultural factors influence hunger? 6. What situational factors influence hunger? 7. What effects do carbohydrates have on the neurotransmitter serotonin? C. Obesity and Weight Control 8. What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese? 9. With sleep deprivation, the levels of __________ (which reports body fat to the brain) fall, and __________ (the appetite-stimulating stomach hormone) rise. AP PSYCH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE – MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS & HEALTH SEXUAL MOTIVATION A. The Physiology of Sex » Terms to Know: Sexual response cycle Refractory period Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Phase Plateau Phase Orgasm Resolution Phase 10. What are some common sexual dysfunctions occurring in men? 11. What are some common sexual dysfunctions occurring in women? 12. When does the American Psychiatric Association classify a sexual behavior as disordered? 13. How do hormones influence human sexual motivation? B. The Psychology of Sex 14. How do external stimuli, such as sexually explicit materials, impact men and women’s sexual desires? 15. How can sexually explicit material have adverse effects? 16. Why is it said that the brain is the most significant sex organ? SOCIAL MOTIVATION: AFFILIATION NEEDS A. The Benefits of Belonging & the Pain of Being Shut Out » Terms to Know: Ostracism 17. What evidence points to our human affiliation need – our need to belong? 18. How have studies shown love to be a natural painkiller? AP PSYCH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE – MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS & HEALTH B. Connecting and Social Networking 19. Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? 20. Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? 21. Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? 22. Does social networking promote narcissism? THEORIES AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION A. Cognition and Emotion » Terms to Know: Emotions Spillover effect 23. How do arousal and expressive behaviors interact in emotion? Summary of Emotion Theories Theory Explanation of Emotions James-Lange Example Cannon-Bard Schachter-Singer Zajonc; LeDoux Lazarus B. Embodied Emotion 24. What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system? 25. How does arousal affect performance? 26. Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses? 27. Which part of the brain showed more activity when subjects viewed (and mimicked) fearful faces? 28. Which side of the frontal lobe showed more activity when people displayed positive moods? AP PSYCH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE – MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS & HEALTH 29. How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies? EXPRESSED EMOTION A. Detecting Emotion in Others 30. How do we communicate nonverbally? B. Gender, Emotion and Nonverbal Behavior 31. How do genders differ in the capacity to read nonverbal cues? C. Culture and Emotional Expression 32. How are nonverbal expressions of emotion understood within and across cultures? D. The Effects of Facial Expressions » Terms to Know: Facial feedback effect Behavior feedback effect 33. How do our facial expressions influence our feelings? STRESS AND HEALTH A. Stress: Some Basic Concepts » Terms to Know: Stress Stressors 34. What are the 3 main types of stressors? B. The Stress Response System » Terms to Know: Fight or flight Cortisol General adaptation syndrome Tend-and-befriend response Oxytocin 35. What are the 3 phases of the general adaptation syndrome? STRESS AND ILLNESS A. Stress and Illness » Terms to Know: Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology AP PSYCH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE – MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS & HEALTH Lymphocytes 36. What are the 2 types of white blood cells? B. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease 37. Stress suppresses immune functioning. What does this mean for those with AIDS? 28. What does this mean for those with cancer? 29. Why are some more prone than others to coronary heart disease?
