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The Participles Imperfective Multi-tasking verbal forms Copyright © 2009 Jishnu Shankar Credited downloads allowed for non-commercial purposes Credits and References Authentic Materials presented with permission from: Name Source Hindustan Hindustan e-paper - http://epaper.hindustandainik.com/Default.aspx Nai Dunia Leading National Hindi Daily, published from Delhi and other major cities of India http://epaper.naidunia.com/epapermain.aspx References Snell, Rupert and Simon 2003. Teach Yourself Hindi. Chicago: McGraw Hill. Weightman. Jain, Usha. 1995. Introduction to Hindi Grammar. Berkeley: University of California. Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2007. Urdu: An Essential Grammar. New York: Routledge. कल्पवक्षृ कहानी की एक पक्तं ि ''पापा चाय'' नेहा के इन शब्दों से जैसे पापा की तंद्रा भंग हुई। बगीचे में पौधों को पानी देते हुए वे नेहा के बारे में ही सोच रहे थे। Participles - Nature पानी देते हुए … सोच रहे थे is known as a participle construction. A participle is a verb that, at the same time, has the qualities of both a verb and another part of speech such as adjective, adverb, noun , or conjunction. Typically, they act as adjectives or adverbs. Participles - Types Imperfective Perfective Conjunctive Denotes an action in progress or an unfinished activity Denotes a past completed action or a past action resulting in a state Links two sequential actions performed by the same subject Formed by adding the Formed by adding the suffix ता, ते, ती to the verb suffix आ, ए, ई to the verb stem stem Formed by adding कर or के to the verb stem Imperfective Participles Adjectival Adverbial Nominal Accompanied by हुआ, हुए, हुई Accompanied by ते Constructions: Expanded by हुए सोतों को, मरतों ने Refer to: Subject or Reduplication Time Object Emphasis or duration Continuation of one activity with another Causality or process With समय, वक्त "at the time of Passage of time “X को imperfective होना Idiomatic Expressions रहना “as long as” Imperfective Participles – Adjective -- 1 These are frequently expanded by one of the simple perfective forms of होना such as हुआ, हुए etc. उदाहरण – चलती (हुई) औरत पढ़ता (हुआ) लड़का भागते (हुए) लोगों को पानी देते हुए पापा Imperfective Participles – Nominal or substantive use Imperfective participles can also be used as nouns: उदाहरण – सोतों को मत जगाओ मरता क्या न करता खातों को तंग मत करो Imperfective Participles – Adverbial -- 1 The participle, again, shows the invariable suffix ते, frequently expanded by हुए. In such cases the subject or the object performs the action of the participle while at the same time showing simultaneity of the two actions: उदाहरण – मैंने ससद्धाथथ को सहन्दी बोलते (हुए) सुना (referring to object) मुस्कु राती (हुई) लड़की आई (referring to subject) उन्होंने उसको जाते (हुए) देखा (referring to object) पापा ने पानी देते (हुए) सोचा (referring to subject) Imperfective Participles – Adverbial –2 Reduplication -- 1 The participle can be repeated or reduplicated to show emphasis or duration of an action. In such cases the participle is NOT qualified by हुआ, हुए : उदाहरण – छात्र सजष्णु का पावरप्वाइन्ट देखते-देखते ऊबने लगे जनथल सलखते-सलखते सब परे शान हो गए वह रोटी पकाते-पकाते थक गई Imperfective Participles – Adverbial – 2 Reduplication -- 1 Imperfective Participles – Adverbial –2 Reduplication -- 2 Other uses of reduplication of adverbial imperfective participles: To signify one activity continues while another transpires: जनथल सलखते-सलखते उसकी सहन्दी अच्छी होने लगी सोचते-सोचते वह सवद्वान बन गया चलते-चलते शाम होने लगी Imperfective Participles – Adverbial – 2 Reduplication -- 2 Imperfective Participles – Adverbial –2 Reduplication -- 3 Other uses of reduplication of adverbial imperfective participles: To indicate an activity as the cause of the primary verb of the sentence. It can also indicate a gradual process leading to some result: शराब पीते-पीते उसका सजगर खराब होने लगा फास्ट फ़ू ड खाते-खाते उनका पेट बड़ा हो गया आराम करते-करते खरगोश बहुत पीछे छ़ू ट गया Imperfective Participles – Adverbial –2 Time-- 1 Other uses of reduplication of adverbial imperfective participles: In time expressions, when used with समय or वक्त, they are used to indicate “at the time of”: चलते समय / वक्त उसने देख सलया कक चाबी उसकी जेब में थी पढ़ते समय / वक्त वह नोट्स लेता था खाते समय / वक्त वह कभी नहीं बोलता Imperfective Participles – Adverbial –2 Time-- 2 They can denote passage of time since the beginning of the activity when used in “X को imperfective होना” form: आपको सहन्दी पढ़ते हुए एक साल हुआ है उसको सशकागो गए हुए दो महीने हुए हैं हमको दौड़ते हुए एक घंटा हुआ है Imperfective Participles – Adverbial –2 Time-- 3 When talking of time with रहना it denotes “as long as”: वह होश रहते उससे बात नहीं करे गा जान रहते वे वहााँ नहीं जाएाँगे वह ख़ून की एक भी ब़ूाँद रहते युद्ध नहीं छोड़ेगा Imerfective Participles – Idiomatic Constructions Can be used for idiomatic expressions: मेरे जीते जी – “as long as I am alive” होते होते – “gradually, little by little” Imperfective Participles – अभ्यास – 1 Translate into English: 1. चलती कार 2. हाँसता बच्चा 3. नाचती लड़ककयों के बारे में 4. गाते गाते काम करना 5. दौड़ते दौड़ते घर लौट जाना 6. लौटते समय 7. पौधे लगाते वक़्त 8. खेलते क़ू दतों के साथ समय सबताना 9. तुम्हारे जीते जी 10. दादाजी की जान रहते Imperfective Participles – अभ्यास – 2 Translate into Hindi: 1. Sleeping dogs 2. Men washing clothes 3. Women singing songs 4. To the laughing girl 5. Towards the man climbing that tree 6. Near the woman [who is] studying 7. To fall asleep while talking 8. To sing songs while bathing 9. At the to go to the church 10. At the time of arrival Imperfective Participles – अभ्यास – 3 Transform the following sentences into single imperfective participle sentences: 1. बच्चा दौड़ रहा था। बच्चा सगर गया। 2. सचसड़या उड़ रही थी। मैंने सचसड़या को देखा। 3. लड़की ककताब पढ़ रही थी। लड़की हाँस रही थी। 4. छात्र रे सडयो सुन रहा था। छात्र ने अपना काम ककया। 5. मैंने आपको सुना। आप गाना गा रहे थे। 6. मेरे दोस्त ने तुम्हें देखा। तुम नाच रहे थे। 7. तुमने आसमान में सबजली देखी। सबजली चमक रही थी। 8. चोर भाग रहा था। चोर वहााँ पहुाँचा। (use reduplication) 9. बच्चे खेल रहे थे। बच्चे थक गए। (use reduplication) 10. मैं सारा कदन काम कर रहा था। मैं थक गया। (use reduplication)