Download The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 9:
The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Sasanid Empire (224-632)
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Sasanid Empire established in 224 and
controlled Persia and Mesopotamia.
Zoroastrianism – official religion.
Religion began to replace citizenship,
language, and ethnicity as a person’s link
to a group.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad and His Message

Muhammad’s Early Life
Born in Mecca.
 Entered caravan business.
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Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad and His Message
Muhammad’s Early Life
 Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation
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Received revelations from Allah around 610 AD.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad and His Message
Muhammad’s Early Life
 Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation
 The Quran

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad’s Migration to Medina
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Conflict at Mecca
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad’s Migration to Medina (Yathrib)
Conflict at Mecca - 622
 The Hijra – Flight marks the beginning of the
Islamic calendar.
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Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad’s Migration to Medina
Conflict at Mecca
 The Hijra
 The Umma – single group formed to recognize
Muhammad as the “Messenger of God” and
the core organization of the Islamic state.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

Muhammad’s Migration to Medina
Conflict at Mecca
 The Hijra
 The Umma
 The “Seal of the Prophets”


Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad. “People of
the book”
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam


Profession of faith - Allah as God
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam

Profession of faith - Allah as God
 Daily Prayer – 5 times a day.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam

Allah as God
 Daily Prayer
 Fasting during Ramadan

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam

Allah as God
 Daily Prayer
 Fasting during Ramadan
 Alms for the weak and poor

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam

Allah as God
 Daily Prayer
 Fasting during Ramadan
 Alms for the weak and poor
 Pilgrimage to Mecca - Hajj

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9
Rise of Islam
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9
The Rise of Islam
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

A Prophet and His World

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
 The Five Pillars of Islam
 Islamic Law: The Sharia

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
The Caliphate
 632-1258

The Expansion of Islam,
632-733 C.E.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
The Caliph
 The Expansion
of Islam

The Expansion of Islam,
632-733 C.E.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

Division of Islamic Followers
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Mohammad’s death in 632 caused a problem
with succession.
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Caliph or leader appointed as a spiritual and
political leader to continue the faith.
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Abu Bakr (632-634) united Bedouin tribes to protect
the new religion against outside threats.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Rise of Islam

Sunni – Muslims that believe that any
Muslim that is a true follower of the faith
can be both the political and spiritual
leader of Islam.
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Approximately 80-90% of all Muslims.
Shi’a (Shi’ite) – Muslims that believe that
the true leader of the faith must be a direct
descendent of Ali.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
The Caliph
 The Expansion
of Islam
- Jihad

The Expansion of Islam,
632-733 C.E.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
The Caliph
 The Expansion
of Islam
 The Umayyad
Dynasty

- 661-750
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
The Caliph
 The Expansion of Islam
 The Umayyad Dynasty
 Policy Toward Conquered Peoples
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Allowed religious freedom. Non-Muslims paid a
special tax.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
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The Caliph
The Expansion of Islam
The Shia
The Umayyad Dynasty
Policy Toward Conquered Peoples
Umayyad Decline
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Decadent living by leaders. Resentment from conquered
peoples.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Abbasid Dynasty
750-1258
 Abu al-Abbas

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas
 The Abbasid Dynasty

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas
 The Abbasid Dynasty
 Abbasid Administration

Agricultural Village,
ca 1200 C.E.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas
 The Abbasid Dynasty
 Abbasid Administration
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Used Persian model of bureaucratic rule.
 Central authority in Baghdad
 Used judges and religious leaders to set moral
standards in each community.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

The Expansion of Islam

The Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas
 The Abbasid Dynasty
 Abbasid Administration
 Abbasid Decline
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Civil wars and provincial governors taking more
authority than central ruler.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and
Urban Growth

The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and
Urban Growth
The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops
 Effects of New Crops

Increase in food supplies
 Cotton – increased textile production

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and
Urban Growth
The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops
 Effects of New Crops
 Agricultural Experimentation

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and
Urban Growth
The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops
 Effects of New Crops
 Agricultural Experimentation
 Urban Growth

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone

Overland Trade
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
Overland Trade
 Camels and Caravans

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
Overland Trade
 Camels and Caravans
 Maritime Trade

Slave Market,
ca 1200 C.E.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
Overland Trade
 Camels and Caravans
 Maritime Trade
 Banks

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
Overland Trade
 Camels and Caravans
 Maritime Trade
 Banks
 The Organization of Trade

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
Overland Trade
 Camels and Caravans
 Maritime Trade
 Banks
 The Organization of Trade

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Changing Status of Women

The Quran and Women
Harem
 Seclusion of women from men
 Women could own property; testify in court
 Women played an indirect role in Muslim society

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Economy and Society of the Early Islamic
World

The Changing Status of Women
The Quran and Women
 Veiling of Women
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
Strong patriarchal societies. Veiling present before
Islam. Persian custom adopted by Muslims as the
religion spread.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition

Promotion of Islamic Values
Establishment of religious schools – madraras
 Ulama (religious scholars), qadis (Islamic judges),
and missionaries spread the religion.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition
Promotion of Islamic Values
 Sufis


Religious mystics
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition
Promotion of Islamic Values
 Sufis
 Sufi Missionaries

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition
Promotion of Islamic Values
 Sufis
 Sufi Missionaries
 Hajj

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia,
India, and Greece

Persian Influences on Islam
Political organization.
 Language – (Arabic)

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia,
India, and Greece
Persian Influences on Islam
 Indian Influences on Islam


Hindu numerals.
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
The Expansive Realm of Islam

Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia,
India, and Greece
Persian Influences on Islam
 Indian Influences on Islam
 Greek Influences on Islam

Science
 Philosophical writings
 Medical writings and research

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
Rise of Islam

Contributions:
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Astrology
Medicine (Infectious diseases, hospital
organizations, value of cauterization, and
cleanliness)
Optics and chemistry – Alchemy
Commerce
Industry
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
Islamic Art
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9:
Islamic Architecture
Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.