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Introduction to Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Introduction to Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering • Biotechnology - humans manipulate how traits pass on – either through breeding or through DNA manipulation Biotechnology - Then • Humans have been manipulating organisms and their genes for years, through: – Selective breeding – Hybridization – Inbreeding – Increasing mutations Selective Breeding • Allowing only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation • Pass desired traits onto next generation • Done with domestic organisms – Ex. Breeding cows that produce the most milk Hybridization • Crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms • Offspring are often hardier than parents – Ex. Can withstand more extreme temperatures, more endurance, need less water, etc. Some Hybrid Examples A Tigon – a cross between a male tiger and a female lion. Some Hybrid Examples A Liger – a cross between a male lion and a female tiger. Some Hybrid Examples A Zorse – a cross between a male zebra and a female horse. Some Hybrid Examples A Mule – a cross between a male donkey and a female horse. Some Hybrid Examples A Beefalo – a cross between a buffalo/bison and cattle. Some Hybrid Examples A leopon – a leopard and a lion cross. Some Hybrid Examples Some Hybrid Examples A Cama – a cross between a llama and a camel. Some Hybrid Examples Labradoodles – a cross between labradors and poodles. Some Hybrid Examples Goldendoodles – a cross between golden retrievers and poodles. Some Hybrid Examples Many of the wide variations in the colors of flowers is due to hybridization. Inbreeding • Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics • Ensures that the characteristics that make each breed unique are preserved • Done with dogs, cats, horses, etc • Does have risk for exposing genetic defects – Ex. Hip problems in German Shepherds, and many large dog breeds Increasing Variation • Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by incorporating mutations – Ex. Color variations in dogs/cats/horses • Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability Biotechnology - Now • Biotechnology today means the use of DNA technology: – Recombinant DNA for genetic engineering – Transferring genes from one organism to another (creating transgenic organisms) Recombinant DNA Technology • Recombinant DNA is constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule. • Recombinant DNA technology is widely used in genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Transgenic Organisms • A transgenic organism contains a gene from another organism, typically of another species. • Transgenic organisms have been used to produce: • human insulin in large quantities (Humulin – made by genetically modified bacteria) • human growth hormone (HGH – for some people, without HGH, dwarfism can result) • the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates production of red blood cells • vaccines Genetically Modified Food (GM Foods) • Today, DNA technology is quickly replacing traditional breeding programs – MANY of our foods are genetically modified in some way • Transgenic Plants - Uses – Corn has been genetically modified to resist insect infestation – Strawberry plants produce bacterial proteins that act as a natural antifreeze – Potatoes and rice have been modified to produce harmless proteins derived from the cholera bacterium and may one day serve as edible vaccines. Transgenic Animals • Transgenic Animals - Uses – A transgenic pig has been produced that carries a gene for human hemoglobin that could be used in transfusions – Growth hormone gene in livestock to grow faster and produce less fatty meat – May soon produce supply of human proteins in milk – In 2006, genetically modified pigs carried roundworm genes that produce proteins that convert less healthy fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids. – However, unlike transgenic plants, no transgenic animals are yet sold as food.