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Genetic Code and Translation Outline Concepts and Terms related to genetic code Wobble Degeneracy isoaccepting Translation prokaryote eukaryotes Amino Acid Transfer RNA ribosome Genetic Code Table 1968 Wobble Degeneracy & mRNA Isoaccepting & tRNAs Different tRNAs accept same amino acid! We will focus our discussion of translation as a “Nonoverlapping Code” mRNA sequences Animation of Prokaryotes Translation http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html Steps of Translation 1. Binding of amino acids to tRNA 2. Initiation 3. Elongation 4. Termination 5. Peptide Release 6. Protein modification Step 1 Binding of amino acid to tRNA It takes two steps to “charge” the tRNA (proofreading activity) Amino acid+ATP Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase tRNA is charged Up close view of “charged” tRNA Step 2: Initiation of Translation IF3 Bacterial Initiation 30S Note 3 ribosomal sites E P A E 70S A Kozak Eukaryotic Initiation key differences 3. ELONGATION: look at the “EPA” sites Peptidyl transferase (ribozyme of large subunit) Up close view of translation Elongation continues on ribosomes Steps 4 and 5: Termination and Release UAA UAG UGA 6. Lipoprotein Glycoprotein Many antibiotics target prokaryotic translation. Antibiotics and Translation Tetracyclines Bind and block bacterial ribosomes “A” sit Chloramphenicol Binds to large subunit; blocks peptide formation Streptoymycin Blocks initiation step Blocks translocation step Erythromycin Review: The Structure and Function of Proteins Protein: Levels of structural organization For your review: Summary of important steps involved in translation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Protein Modifications Eukaryotic translation is very similar except: More IF’s Kozak sequence 5’CAP 3’poly-A tail