Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Proteins Examples of Proteins Horns Hair Egg Whites Spider Webs Hair Nails Muscles Enzymes Functions of Proteins • What do proteins do? •Make up Antibodies in your Immune System • Provide Structural Support Example: Collagen in Skin •Transport Example: Hemoglobin carries Oxygen Proteins: How They’re Made Made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Proteins: How They’re Made • What are the monomers of a protein? Amino Acids • How many amino acids are there? 20 • What are the parts of an amino acid? Amino Acids Polymers • How are amino acids joined? With Peptide Bonds (in dehydration synthesis) • Two amino acids together are called a Dipeptide • Many amino acids are called a Polypeptide Polymers Which two groups of the amino acid form a peptide bond? Polypeptide Amino Acid Peptide Bond Proteins • Does the order of the amino acids in a protein matter? Why? The order of the amino acids affects the SHAPE • Why is the shape of the protein important? The shape determines the FUNCTION! Denaturing Proteins Two changes cause a change in the shape of the protein…this is known as DENATURATION. So if the shape changes, what’s affected? The Function of the Protein! Other Causes of Protein Denaturation salt concentration and environmental factors What are some examples of Denatured Proteins? •Raw Egg vs. Cooked Egg •Raw Meat Vs. Grilled Meat How is the consistency of raw vs. cooked different? ENZYMES What is an enzyme? A type of protein that speeds up metabolic (chemical) reactions. aka: Catalysts What is needed to start a reaction? reactant Products Why is the activation energy lower? A Catalyst was added! Enzymes lower the activation energy reactant Products Comparing Reactions Which line would represent a reaction with an enzyme present? Without an enzyme Reactant Products How Do Enzymes Work? • Enzymes work like a lock and key. • Specific enzymes work with specific substrates. enzyme substrate What’s a Substrate? a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction *enzymes act only on specific substrates What is a product? The substance is formed in a chemical reaction Enzymes and Active Sites • What is an Active Site? The site on an enzyme that attaches to the substrate • Is the active site the same for all enzymes and substrates? NO! Only a certain substrate fits into a particular active site Enzymes Activity • • Changes in pH and temperature can affect the shape of an enzyme. What will happen if the shape changes? The enzyme can be denatured Why is this not good? Any factor that changes the shape of an enzyme can affect the enzyme’s activity Amylase • Enzyme found in our saliva • Breaks down some starches into glucose molecules • So digestion of food occurs in the mouth before it reaches the stomach Pepsin • First animal enzyme to be discovered • Digestive protease in stomach that works with HCl acid to degrade food proteins into peptides