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Chapter 5 –Populations Chapter 6 –Humans In the Biosphere I. Characteristics of Populations A. Geographic distribution - (range) area inhabited by a population B. Population density-number of individuals per unit area ex: 200 people/ km2 C. Growth rate- increase or decrease of number of individuals in a population over time. II. 3 Factors that Affect Population Size A. number of births B. number of deaths C. number of individuals entering (into- immigration) or leaving (exiting- emigration) a population D. Population grows when birthrate is greater than death rate. III. Exponential growth - when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. A. Population becomes larger and larger until it approaches an infinitely large size. B. Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population would grow exponentially (J-shaped curve) IV. Logistic Growth - when growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth (S-shaped curve) A. carrying capacity (K)- largest # of individuals of a population that an environment can support B. Growth levels off, so the average growth rate is zero. V. Limiting factor -factor that causes population growth to decrease A. Density-dependent limiting factor (DDLF) limiting factor that depends on population size 1. Ex: competition, predation, parasitism, disease, crowding, immigration (individuals moving into an area) 2. DDLF has greatest influence when pop. is large & dense; does not affect small, scattered pop. as greatly 3. Competition- when populations become crowded, they compete for food, water, space, sunlight, other resources 4. Predation- regulation of a population by predation is a predator-prey relationship (aka: predator-prey cycle) Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale B. Density-independent limiting factors -affect all pops in similar ways, regardless of the pop. size. 1. Ex. weather, drought/floods, fire human activity (clearcutting, damming rivers, development) 2. human activity (clear-cutting, damming rivers, industrial/ subdivision development) 6-1 I. Human activities affect the biosphere. A. Hunting-gathering- isolated parts of the world B. Agriculture -Irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides C. Industrial Revolution to Present 1. Increased pollution of air, water, soil by fossil fuels 2. Increased human waste and increased development places stress on native plants/ animals; consumes farmland ; mismanagement of resources; ex: damaged Everglades by diverting water for irrigation of surrounding farmlands D. Pollution contamination of air, water, land 1. increases as countries become industrialized 2. Pollutant - harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water 3. Air Pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels that release pollutants that cause smog a. example: driving cars, flying planes, heating homes, factories b. example of air pollutants dust, smoke, ash, CO, sulfur oxides **Strict emissions and clean-air regulations have improved air quality c. Causes Acid rain- sulfuric acid/nitric acid from the burning of fossil fuels mix with water vapor forming low pH rain (car exhaust = nitric acid; coal-burning factories = sulfuric acid) **Acid rain damages plants, kills aquatic life, erodes buildings and monuments, depletes soil of nutrients Emissions to Atmosphere Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Industry Condensation Chemical Transformation Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Ore Transportation smelting Dry Fallout Particulates Precipitation Gases Acid rain, fog, snow, and mist Power generation d. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. - Excess CO2 can contribute to the greenhouse effect thought to be the cause of global warming? e. Global warming- Is it part of a natural cycle (climate change) or a negative impact of human activity ?- rise in CO2 levels causes rise in global temps; have increased over past 200 yrs-intensifies greenhouse effect Page 87 f. Greenhouse Effect Some heat escapes into space *Atmospheric gases trap the heat energy of sunlight to maintain Earth's tolerable temperature range for living things; Include: Greenhouse gases trap some heat •carbon dioxide •methane •water vapor Atmosphere Earth’s Surface g. Monitor ozone layer and global climate system 1. Ozone layer- O3-protects Earth from UV radiation can cause cancers, eye disease, tissue damage in plants 2. CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons) –a chemical that destroys our ozone layer (protects us from UV radiation) *banned from aerosols and but still found in some coolants * CFC’s in atmosphere have been reduced over the last 30 years 4. Water Pollution caused by contaminants from sewers, industries, farms, and homes that enter lakes, rivers, groundwater and oceans *Sewage, chemical waste, fertilizers, and dirty wash water enter the water systems 5. Land- Protecting Fertile Soil a. limit soil erosion- caused by rain, wind, plowing (removes roots that hold soil in place) i. Contour plowing and terracing- fields plowed across slope, or “stair steps” on hillsides ii. Leave behind stems/ roots of previous year’s crops iii. Plant rye grass rather than leaving field unprotected b. stop desertification- productive areas turned into deserts- do not over farm, overgraze or contribute to drought conditions (Dust Bowl of 1930’s) Terracing Contour Plowing II. Renewable versus nonrenewable resources A. Renewable resources - can regenerate (if living) or be recycled (if part of biogeochemical cycles) Ex: trees, water, soil, nitrogen B. Nonrenewable resources- cannot be replenished quickly by natural processes; are in limited amounts; once they are gone – they’re gone!! Ex. Fossil fuels such as coal/ oil, gold, silver, copper C. Renewable or nonrenewable? 1. Depends on if the loss is large enough to change an ecosystem forever ex: coral reefs 2. ex: single tree=renewable resource, but an entire population of trees that are not managed properly may change the entire ecosystem D. Sustainable development-using natural resources without damaging or depleting them III. Biodiversity-sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere Three types of diversity in ecosystems: A. Ecosystem diversity-variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world. B. Species diversity is the # of different species in biosphere; increases moving towards equator. C. Genetic diversity is the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today. IV. Importance of Biodiversity A. Plants and some animals produce compounds that are beneficial B. food, industry, medical- painkillers, antibiotics, antidepressants ;cancer/heart drugs/ high blood pressure ex: rosy periwinkle and digitalis Rosy periwinkle digitalis Foxglove V. Threats to Biodiversity A. Loss of habitat- degradation (damage by pollution); fragmentation (split into pieces) B. Hunting- fur, pets (birds, reptiles, fish), poaching, food C. Introduced species- may become invasive species (lack natural predators found in homeland); wipe-out native populations Ex: zebra mussels, leafy spurge, goats Leafy spurge Zebra mussel This plant is an invasive, deep-rooted perennial herb that is native to Eurasia; plant spreads through explosive seed release and vigorous lateral root growth, forming large, patches that can dominate rangeland, pastures, prairies and other areas in the Great Plains region of North America, killing native plant species. Zebra mussels can attach to native mussels, killing them. Zebra mussels filter plankton from the surrounding water. This filtering can increase water clarity, which might cause more aquatic vegetation to grow at deeper depths and more dense stands. If a lake has high numbers of mussels over large areas, this filter feeding could impact the food chain, reducing food for larval fish. D. Pollution DDT-softened shells of birds eggs - ospreys, brown pelicans, eagles threatened-nearly caused extinction 1. Rachel Carson- 1962 Silent Springbook about dangers of biological magnification in bird species 2. Biological magnification– concentration of harmful substances increase in higher in trophic levels; DDT was banned in the US- 1970’s Biological magnification (amplification) VI. Conservation- management of resources, habitats, and wildlife What are we doing to remedy problems we’ve caused? 1. US Endangered Species Act1973-illegal to harm endangered or threatened species 2. Expanded National Parks or “green space” in cities 3. Habitat corridors-strips of land that allow migration of animals that have a large home range 4. Reintroduction programs- breed animals, then release back into wild ex: grey wolf 5. Identify and raise awareness of global “hot spots” (areas rich in endemic speciesfound no where else in the the world- that are in danger of extinction due to human activity; work on protecting those habitats 5-1 – Population density is the number of individuals A. that are born each year. B. per unit area. C. that immigrate. D. that emigrate. 5-1 –When the birthrate of a population exceeds its death rate, the population A. decreases. B. increases. C. stays the same. D. increases then decreases. 5-1 –An S-shaped curve on a graph of population growth is characteristic of A. exponential growth. B. logistic growth. C. carrying capacity. D. delayed growth. 5-1 – Exponential growth in a population slows down or stops as A. resources become limited. B. rate of immigration increases. C. rate of emigration decreases. D. birth rate increases. 5-1 –Exponential growth rate means that each new generation of a population A. adds the same number of new individuals as the previous generation did. B. increases at the same rate as the previous generation C. is the same size as the generation before. D. increases by a varying amount. 5-2 – A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of their size might be A. drought. B. disease. C. predation. D. crowding. 5-2 –Which of the following would be a limiting factor directly affecting the panda population of China? A. programs that educate people about endangered species B. capture of some pandas for placement in zoos C. laws protecting habitat destruction D. a disease that kills bamboo plants 5-2 –Density-dependent factors operate most strongly when a population is A. large and dense. B. large but sparse. C. small and sparse. D. small, but growing. 5-2 –Within a limited area, if the population of a predator increases, the population of its prey is likely to A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain about the same. D. become extinct. 5-2 –Which of the following is a density-independent factor affecting populations? A. predation B. disease C. a destructive hurricane D. parasites 5-3 –The size of the human population began to increase exponentially after the A. bubonic plague. B. development of plowing and irrigation. C. Industrial Revolution. D. development of the first cities. 5-3 –Which of the following is NOT a potential limiting factor of human population growth? A. famine B. medicine C. war D. disease 5-3 –After the demographic transition is complete, a population A. grows rapidly. B. grows slowly. C. begins a period of rapid decline. D. stays about the same size as time passes. 5-3 –An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of a population by A. location and age group. B. age group and gender. C. birthrate and death rate. D. age group and emigration rate. 5-3 –Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth rate of the human population has A. remained about the same. B. failed to show a consistent pattern. C. increased. D. decreased. 6-1 – Today, the most important source of environmental change on the planet is A. the green revolution. B. wild plants. C. human activity. D. abiotic factors. 6-1 – The practice of planting a single crop in the same place year after year is called A. uniculture. B. monoculture. C. the green revolution. D. plant breeding. 6-1 – One problem with modern agriculture is that A. chemical fertilizers don’t work. B. chemical pesticides can damage beneficial insects. C. it has decreased world food production. D. new varieties of plants require little water. 6-1 – One impact of early hunting and gathering groups in North America might have been A. changing the climate from very cold to much warmer. B. the elimination of forests. C. a mass extinction of large mammals about 12,000 years ago. D. the development of large civilizations in Central and South America. 6-1 – Most of the energy for industry comes from A. the sun. B. nuclear power plants. C. moving water. D. fossil fuels. 6-2 –Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? A. trees B. grasses used by grazing animals C. oxygen in the air D. fossil fuels 6-2 – Which of the following is a sustainable-use strategy that can help prevent desertification? A. contour plowing B. protecting wetlands C. aquaculture D. selective harvesting of trees 6-2 – The advantage of sustainable development is that it A. provides for human needs without depleting natural resources. B. produces additional fossil fuels. C. protects wildlife from hunters and other threats. D. is a natural process that regulates itself. 6-2 – A mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in the atmosphere is known as A. smog. B. acid rain. C. particulates. D. fog. 6-2 – Plowing the land removes the roots that hold the soil in place and increases the rate of A. pollution. B. soil erosion. C. deforestation. D. soil formation. 6-3 – The type of biodiversity that includes the inheritance information carried by the Earth’s organisms is called A. biological magnification. B. ecological diversity. C. genetic diversity. D. species diversity. 6-3 – Populations of invasive species tend to A. decrease. B. increase rapidly. C. remain constant. D. increase, then decrease. 6-3 – The wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife, is known as A. biodiversity. B. conservation. C. habitat alteration. D. ecosystem diversity. 6-3 – By focusing on protecting specific ecosystems, biologists hope to preserve A. global biodiversity. B. biological magnification. C. invasive species. D. habitat fragmentation. 6-3 – In a food pyramid, biological magnification results in the A. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the lowest level. B. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the highest level. C. decreased number of levels in the food pyramid. D. increased amount of a toxic substance in the surrounding air or water. 6-4 – An increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is called A. the greenhouse effect. B. global warming. C. ozone depletion. D. climate control. 6-4 – The geological record indicates that Earth’s climate has A. remained essentially the same throughout history. B. been constant until humans have influenced the environment. C. changed dramatically every 150 years. D. repeatedly changed over its history. 6-4 – A possible effect of global warming is A. extinction of organisms in areas where they once thrived. B. an increase in global surface temperature of 20 Celsius degrees. C. a sharp decrease in the temperature of the waters off the coast of California. D. complete elimination of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere. 6-4 – Depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer results in A. a decrease in the amount of heat that reaches the surface. B. a decrease in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. C. an increase in the amount of rainfall. D. an increase in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. 6-4 – The most likely cause of ozone depletion is the A. addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. B. increase in UV radiation from the sun. C. addition of chemicals developed for use in refrigeration and aerosol cans. D. increase in the amount of smog produced by automobiles. 5-1 – Population density is the number of individuals A. that are born each year. B. per unit area. C. that immigrate. D. that emigrate. 5-1 –When the birthrate of a population exceeds its death rate, the population A. decreases. B. increases. C. stays the same. D. increases then decreases. 5-1 –An S-shaped curve on a graph of population growth is characteristic of A. exponential growth. B. logistic growth. C. carrying capacity. D. delayed growth. 5-1 – Exponential growth in a population slows down or stops as A. resources become limited. B. rate of immigration increases. C. rate of emigration decreases. D. birth rate increases. 5-1 –Exponential growth rate means that each new generation of a population A. adds the same number of new individuals as the previous generation did. B. increases at the same rate as the previous generation C. is the same size as the generation before. D. increases by a varying amount. 5-2 – A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of their size might be A. drought. B. disease. C. predation. D. crowding. 5-2 –Which of the following would be a limiting factor directly affecting the panda population of China? A. programs that educate people about endangered species B. capture of some pandas for placement in zoos C. laws protecting habitat destruction D. a disease that kills bamboo plants 5-2 –Density-dependent factors operate most strongly when a population is A. large and dense. B. large but sparse. C. small and sparse. D. small, but growing. 5-2 –Within a limited area, if the population of a predator increases, the population of its prey is likely to A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain about the same. D. become extinct. 5-2 –Which of the following is a density-independent factor affecting populations? A. predation B. disease C. a destructive hurricane D. parasites 5-3 –The size of the human population began to increase exponentially after the A. bubonic plague. B. development of plowing and irrigation. C. Industrial Revolution. D. development of the first cities. 5-3 –Which of the following is NOT a potential limiting factor of human population growth? A. famine B. medicine C. war D. disease 5-3 –After the demographic transition is complete, a population A. grows rapidly. B. grows slowly. C. begins a period of rapid decline. D. stays about the same size as time passes. 5-3 –An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of a population by A. location and age group. B. age group and gender. C. birthrate and death rate. D. age group and emigration rate. 5-3 –Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth rate of the human population has A. remained about the same. B. failed to show a consistent pattern. C. increased. D. decreased. 6-1 – Today, the most important source of environmental change on the planet is A. the green revolution. B. wild plants. C. human activity. D. abiotic factors. 6-1 – The practice of planting a single crop in the same place year after year is called A. uniculture. B. monoculture. C. the green revolution. D. plant breeding. 6-1 – One problem with modern agriculture is that A. chemical fertilizers don’t work. B. chemical pesticides can damage beneficial insects. C. it has decreased world food production. D. new varieties of plants require little water. 6-1 – One impact of early hunting and gathering groups in North America might have been A. changing the climate from very cold to much warmer. B. the elimination of forests. C. a mass extinction of large mammals about 12,000 years ago. D. the development of large civilizations in Central and South America. 6-1 – Most of the energy for industry comes from A. the sun. B. nuclear power plants. C. moving water. D. fossil fuels. 6-2 –Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? A. trees B. grasses used by grazing animals C. oxygen in the air D. fossil fuels 6-2 – Which of the following is a sustainable-use strategy that can help prevent desertification? A. contour plowing B. protecting wetlands C. aquaculture D. selective harvesting of trees 6-2 – The advantage of sustainable development is that it A. provides for human needs without depleting natural resources. B. produces additional fossil fuels. C. protects wildlife from hunters and other threats. D. is a natural process that regulates itself. 6-2 – A mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in the atmosphere is known as A. smog. B. acid rain. C. particulates. D. fog. 6-2 – Plowing the land removes the roots that hold the soil in place and increases the rate of A. pollution. B. soil erosion. C. deforestation. D. soil formation. 6-3 – The type of biodiversity that includes the inheritance information carried by the Earth’s organisms is called A. biological magnification. B. ecological diversity. C. genetic diversity. D. species diversity. 6-3 – Populations of invasive species tend to A. decrease. B. increase rapidly. C. remain constant. D. increase, then decrease. 6-3 – The wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife, is known as A. biodiversity. B. conservation. C. habitat alteration. D. ecosystem diversity. 6-3 – By focusing on protecting specific ecosystems, biologists hope to preserve A. global biodiversity. B. biological magnification. C. invasive species. D. habitat fragmentation. 6-3 – In a food pyramid, biological magnification results in the A. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the lowest level. B. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the highest level. C. decreased number of levels in the food pyramid. D. increased amount of a toxic substance in the surrounding air or water. 6-4 – An increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is called A. the greenhouse effect. B. global warming. C. ozone depletion. D. climate control. 6-4 – The geological record indicates that Earth’s climate has A. remained essentially the same throughout history. B. been constant until humans have influenced the environment. C. changed dramatically every 150 years. D. repeatedly changed over its history. 6-4 – A possible effect of global warming is A. extinction of organisms in areas where they once thrived. B. an increase in global surface temperature of 20 Celsius degrees. C. a sharp decrease in the temperature of the waters off the coast of California. D. complete elimination of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere. 6-4 – Depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer results in A. a decrease in the amount of heat that reaches the surface. B. a decrease in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. C. an increase in the amount of rainfall. D. an increase in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. 6-4 – The most likely cause of ozone depletion is the A. addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. B. increase in UV radiation from the sun. C. addition of chemicals developed for use in refrigeration and aerosol cans. D. increase in the amount of smog produced by automobiles.