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Chapter 5 –Populations Chapter 6 –Humans In the Biosphere 5-1 I. Characteristics of Populations A. Geographic distribution (range)- the area inhabited by a population B. Population density-number of individuals per unit area ex: 200 people/ km2 C. Growth rate- inc. or dec. of number of individuals in a population over time. D. Immigration- movement INTO an area; Emigration- movement out of (EXIT) an area 5-1 II. 3 Factors that Affect Population Size A. the number of births B. the number of deaths C. the number of individuals entering (intoimmigration) or leaving (exitingemigration) a pop. *Population grows when birthrate is greater than deathrate. 5-1 III. Exponential growth - when the individuals in a pop. reproduce at a constant rate. . . Pop. becomes larger and larger until it approaches A an infinitely large size. B. Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a would grow exponentially-J-shaped curve pop. 5-1 IV. Logistic growth - when growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth-shown as an S-shaped curve A. carrying capacity (K)- largest # of individuals of a population (species) that an environment can support B. Growth levels off, so the average growth rate is zero. 5-2 V. Limiting factor -factor that causes population growth to decrease. A. Density-dependent limiting factor (ddlf) limiting factor that depends on population size 1. Ex: competition, predation, parasitism, disease 2. DDLF have greatest influence when pop. is large & dense; does not affect small, scattered pop. as greatly 3. add: Competition- when pops. become crowded, they compete for food, water, space, sunlight, other resources 5-2 4. Predation- regulation of a pop. by predation is a predator-prey relationship Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale 5-2 B. Density-independent limiting factors –factors that affect all pops in similar ways, regardless of the population size. 1. unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles 2. humans: clear-cutting forests, damming rivers, development 5-3 Human Population Growth C. Demography-study of human population growth 1. past century- pop. growth in US, Japan, Europe has slowed ***5-3 E. Age-structure diagram –shows the pop. of a country broken down by gender and age group; can predict future growth of pop. U.S. Population 1. US- nearly equal no. of people in each age group 2. predicts a slow but steady growth rate for the near future Percentage of Population ***5-3 Rwandan Population 3. Rwanda- many more children/ teenagers, than adults. 4. diagram predicts population will double in about 30 years Percentage of Population ***5-3 F. To predict human pop. growth, demographers must consider age structure and disease. 1. If human growth does not slow down, there could be damage to the environment and global economy. 2. BUT, science, technology, and changes in society may prevent the negative impact of population growth. 6-1 I. Human activities affect the biosphere. A. Hunting-gathering- isolated parts of the world B. Agriculture- Benefits 1. Irrigation-turned deserts into fields 2. Machinery- increased crop yields 3. Crop hybrids- increase crop yields 4. Chemical fertilizers- boosted plant growth 5. Pesticides- control damage increasing crop yields 6. Monoculture-large field planted w/ single crop year to year C. Green Revolution 6-1 1. Mid-20th century- effort to increase global food production 2. Modern plant breeding and agricultural methods used D. New Challenges-Disadvantages of better agriculture 1. Monoculture -leads to increased problems w/ pests and disease 2. Enough water for irrigation may take water from other ecosystems and damage them. E. Industrial Revolution to Present -Disadvantages 1. Increased pollution - air, water, soil by burning fossil fuels 2. Increased human waste, increased development -place stress on plants/ animals; consumes farmland 6-2 II. Renewable resources A.Renewable resources - can regenerate (if living) or be recycled ex: trees; soil; water, nitrogen 1. Land resources-provide space for living things; raw materials for industry; soil (mix of sand, clay, rock and humus-decaying organisms); soil renewable only if managed properly 6-2 a. soil erosion- caused by water, wind,and plowing (plowing removes roots that hold soil in place) b. desertification- once productive areas turn into deserts; caused by overfarming, overgrazing and drought 2. Sustainable development-using natural resources w/o damaging or depleting them; ex: preventing soil erosion- HOW? a. Contour plowing- fields plowed across slope to prevent erosion b. Leaving behind stems and roots of last year’s crops c. Plant rye grass rather than leaving field unprotected 6-2 3. Forest resources- uses: lumber, fuel, habitats, soil erosion prevention; store nutrients; moderate climate, take in CO2, release O; protect our freshwater a. Temperate forests= renewable resource b. Old-growth forests in Alaska and Pac NW = nonrr because take too long to form c. Stop deforestation-soil erosion washes away nutrients; grazing/ plowing permanently damages soil d. forest management-controlled harvesting of trees; take one, plant two 6-2 4. Fishery resources- overfishing -harvesting fish faster than they can reproduce; fisheries -aka aquaculture; laws passed to limit size of catch 5. Air resources-smog- pollution-gray-brown haze caused by car exhaust and factories-threatens human health i. pollutant - harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water ii. burning fossil fuels –release pollutants that cause smog; also build up CO2 levels contributing to greenhouse effect; causes acid rain iii. Strict emissions and clean-air regulations- improved air quality 6-2 iv. Acid rain- burning of fossil fuels mix with water forming low pH rain (car exhaust = nitric acid rain; coal-burning factories = sulfuric acid rain) Emissions to Atmosphere Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Industry Condensation Chemical Transformation Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Ore Transportation smelting Dry Fallout Particulates Precipitation Gases Acid rain, fog, snow, and mist Power generation 6-2 vii. Acid rain- kills entire forests and plants; lowers pH of soils/ waterways; cause toxins like mercury to be released from soil into wildlife 6. Freshwater resources: total supply is limited and threatened; billions of gal/ day used for industry (steel), washing, watering, and drinking i. Pollution- dumped chemicals, waste, raw sewage ii. Help by protecting - wetlands/ forests-purify water iii. Conserve: home, industry, ag. 6-2 B. Nonrenewable resources- cannot be replenished quickly by natural processes 1. Fossil fuels - coal and oil 2. Renewable or nonrenewable? a. Depends -Is the loss large enough to change ecosystem forever? b. ex: single tree=renewable , but loss of entire population of trees = nonrenewable 6-3 I. Biodiversity-sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere A. Ecosystem diversity-variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world. B. Species diversity-the # of different species in the world; increases moving towards equator C. Genetic diversity- the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth. 6-3 II. Importance of Biodiversity A. Plants/ some animals produce compounds that are beneficial to humans B. food, industry, medicinespainkillers, antibiotics, antidepressants; cancer/ heart drugs 6-3 III. Threats and Conservation Efforts A. Loss of habitat1. degradation -damage by pollution 2. fragmentation- large habitats split into pieces B. Hunting- food, fur, pet stores (birds, fish), poaching (ivory, furs) C. Introduced species- may become invasive species (lack predators); wipe-out native pops. Ex: zebra mussels in Great Lakes, goats/ cats/pigs on islands, Kudzu; leafy spurge 6-3 D. Pollution- DDT effective pesticide- BUT softened shells of birds’ eggs-osprey, brown pelican, eagle 1. Rachel Carson- 1962 Silent Springbook about dangers of biological magnification 2. Biological magnification– concentration of toxins increase at higher trophic levels; DDT banned US-1970’s 6-3 E. Conservation- management of resources, habitats, and wildlife 1. US Endangered Species Act-1973-illegal to harm endang. or threatened species 2. Expand National Parks (or “green space” in cities) 3. Habitat corridors-strips of land that allow migration 4. Reintroduction programs- breed animals, then release into wild 6-3 5. Identify global “hot spots”(organisms are in danger of extinction due to human activity)so we raise awareness and work on protecting those areas 6-4 F. Monitor ozone layer and global climate system 1. Ozone layer- O3-protects Earth from UV radiation- cancer, eye disease, tissue damage in plants 2. CFC’s reduced (banned from aerosols, remains in some coolants); destroys ozone layer 3. Global warming or climate change??-cycle or human activity?- CO2 levels have increased over past 200 yrsintensifies greenhouse effectClimate change 5-1 – Population density is the number of individuals A. that are born each year. B. per unit area. C. that immigrate. D. that emigrate. 5-1 –When the birthrate of a population exceeds its death rate, the population A. decreases. B. increases. C. stays the same. D. increases then decreases. 5-1 –An S-shaped curve on a graph of population growth is characteristic of A. exponential growth. B. logistic growth. C. carrying capacity. D. delayed growth. 5-1 – Exponential growth in a population slows down or stops as A. resources become limited. B. rate of immigration increases. C. rate of emigration decreases. D. birth rate increases. 5-1 –Exponential growth rate means that each new generation of a population A. adds the same number of new individuals as the previous generation did. B. increases at the same rate as the previous generation C. is the same size as the generation before. D. increases by a varying amount. 5-2 – A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of their size might be A. drought. B. disease. C. predation. D. crowding. 5-2 –Which of the following would be a limiting factor directly affecting the panda population of China? A. programs that educate people about endangered species B. capture of some pandas for placement in zoos C. laws protecting habitat destruction D. a disease that kills bamboo plants 5-2 –Density-dependent factors operate most strongly when a population is A. large and dense. B. large but sparse. C. small and sparse. D. small, but growing. 5-2 –Within a limited area, if the population of a predator increases, the population of its prey is likely to A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain about the same. D. become extinct. 5-2 –Which of the following is a density-independent factor affecting populations? A. predation B. disease C. a destructive hurricane D. parasites 5-3 –The size of the human population began to increase exponentially after the A. bubonic plague. B. development of plowing and irrigation. C. Industrial Revolution. D. development of the first cities. 5-3 –Which of the following is NOT a potential limiting factor of human population growth? A. famine B. medicine C. war D. disease 5-3 – After the demographic transition is complete, a population A. grows rapidly. B. grows slowly. C. begins a period of rapid decline. D. stays about the same size as time passes. 5-3 –An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of a population by A. location and age group. B. age group and gender. C. birthrate and death rate. D. age group and emigration rate. 5-3 – Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth rate of the human population has A. remained about the same. B. failed to show a consistent pattern. C. increased. D. decreased. 6-1 – Today, the most important source of environmental change on the planet is A. the green revolution. B. wild plants. C. human activity. D. abiotic factors. 6-1 – The practice of planting a single crop in the same place year after year is called A. uniculture. B. monoculture. C. the green revolution. D. plant breeding. 6-1 – One problem with modern agriculture is that A. chemical fertilizers don’t work. B. chemical pesticides can damage beneficial insects. C. it has decreased world food production. D. new varieties of plants require little water. 6-1 – One impact of early hunting and gathering groups in North America might have been A. changing the climate from very cold to much warmer. B. the elimination of forests. C. a mass extinction of large mammals about 12,000 years ago. D. the development of large civilizations in Central and South America. 6-1 – Most of the energy for industry comes from A. the sun. B. nuclear power plants. C. moving water. D. fossil fuels. 6-2 –Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? A. trees B. grasses used by grazing animals C. oxygen in the air D. fossil fuels 6-2 – Which of the following is a sustainable-use strategy that can help prevent desertification? A. contour plowing B. protecting wetlands C. aquaculture D. selective harvesting of trees 6-2 – The advantage of sustainable development is that it A. provides for human needs without depleting natural resources. B. produces additional fossil fuels. C. protects wildlife from hunters and other threats. D. is a natural process that regulates itself. 6-2 – A mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in the atmosphere is known as A. smog. B. acid rain. C. particulates. D. fog. 6-2 – Plowing the land removes the roots that hold the soil in place and increases the rate of A. pollution. B. soil erosion. C. deforestation. D. soil formation. 6-3 – The type of biodiversity that includes the inheritance information carried by the Earth’s organisms is called A. biological magnification. B. ecological diversity. C. genetic diversity. D. species diversity. 6-3 – Populations of invasive species tend to A. decrease. B. increase rapidly. C. remain constant. D. increase, then decrease. 6-3 – The wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife, is known as A. biodiversity. B. conservation. C. habitat alteration. D. ecosystem diversity. 6-3 – By focusing on protecting specific ecosystems, biologists hope to preserve A. global biodiversity. B. biological magnification. C. invasive species. D. habitat fragmentation. 6-3 – In a food pyramid, biological magnification results in the A. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the lowest level. B. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the highest level. C. decreased number of levels in the food pyramid. D. increased amount of a toxic substance in the surrounding air or water. 6-4 – An increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is called A. the greenhouse effect. B. global warming or climate change. C. ozone depletion. D. climate control. 6-4 – The geological record indicates that Earth’s climate has A. remained essentially the same throughout history. B. been constant until humans have influenced the environment. C. changed dramatically every 150 years. D. repeatedly changed over its history. 6-4 – A possible effect of global warming is A. extinction of organisms in areas where they once thrived. B. an increase in global surface temperature of 20 Celsius degrees. C. a sharp decrease in the temperature of the waters off the coast of California. D. complete elimination of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere. 6-4 – Depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer results in A. a decrease in the amount of heat that reaches the surface. B. a decrease in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. C. an increase in the amount of rainfall. D. an increase in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. 6-4 – The most likely cause of ozone depletion is the A. addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. B. increase in UV radiation from the sun. C. addition of chemicals developed for use in refrigeration and aerosol cans. D. increase in the amount of smog produced by automobiles. 5-1 – Population density is the number of individuals A. that are born each year. B. per unit area. C. that immigrate. D. that emigrate. 5-1 –When the birthrate of a population exceeds its death rate, the population A. decreases. B. increases. C. stays the same. D. increases then decreases. 5-1 –An S-shaped curve on a graph of population growth is characteristic of A. exponential growth. B. logistic growth. C. carrying capacity. D. delayed growth. 5-1 – Exponential growth in a population slows down or stops as A. resources become limited. B. rate of immigration increases. C. rate of emigration decreases. D. birth rate increases. 5-1 –Exponential growth rate means that each new generation of a population A. adds the same number of new individuals as the previous generation did. B. increases at the same rate as the previous generation C. is the same size as the generation before. D. increases by a varying amount. 5-2 – A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of their size might be A. drought. B. disease. C. predation. D. crowding. 5-2 –Which of the following would be a limiting factor directly affecting the panda population of China? A. programs that educate people about endangered species B. capture of some pandas for placement in zoos C. laws protecting habitat destruction D. a disease that kills bamboo plants 5-2 –Density-dependent factors operate most strongly when a population is A. large and dense. B. large but sparse. C. small and sparse. D. small, but growing. 5-2 –Within a limited area, if the population of a predator increases, the population of its prey is likely to A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain about the same. D. become extinct. 5-2 –Which of the following is a density-independent factor affecting populations? A. predation B. disease C. a destructive hurricane D. parasites 5-3 –The size of the human population began to increase exponentially after the A. bubonic plague. B. development of plowing and irrigation. C. Industrial Revolution. D. development of the first cities. 5-3 –Which of the following is NOT a potential limiting factor of human population growth? A. famine B. medicine C. war D. disease 5-3 – After the demographic transition is complete, a population A. grows rapidly. B. grows slowly. C. begins a period of rapid decline. D. stays about the same size as time passes. 5-3 –An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of a population by A. location and age group. B. age group and gender. C. birthrate and death rate. D. age group and emigration rate. 5-3 – Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth rate of the human population has A. remained about the same. B. failed to show a consistent pattern. C. increased. D. decreased. 6-1 – Today, the most important source of environmental change on the planet is A. the green revolution. B. wild plants. C. human activity. D. abiotic factors. 6-1 – The practice of planting a single crop in the same place year after year is called A. uniculture. B. monoculture. C. the green revolution. D. plant breeding. 6-1 – One problem with modern agriculture is that A. chemical fertilizers don’t work. B. chemical pesticides can damage beneficial insects. C. it has decreased world food production. D. new varieties of plants require little water. 6-1 – One impact of early hunting and gathering groups in North America might have been A. changing the climate from very cold to much warmer. B. the elimination of forests. C. a mass extinction of large mammals about 12,000 years ago. D. the development of large civilizations in Central and South America. 6-1 – Most of the energy for industry comes from A. the sun. B. nuclear power plants. C. moving water. D. fossil fuels. 6-2 –Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? A. trees B. grasses used by grazing animals C. oxygen in the air D. fossil fuels 6-2 – Which of the following is a sustainable-use strategy that can help prevent desertification? A. contour plowing B. protecting wetlands C. aquaculture D. selective harvesting of trees 6-2 – The advantage of sustainable development is that it A. provides for human needs without depleting natural resources. B. produces additional fossil fuels. C. protects wildlife from hunters and other threats. D. is a natural process that regulates itself. 6-2 – A mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in the atmosphere is known as A. smog. B. acid rain. C. particulates. D. fog. 6-2 – Plowing the land removes the roots that hold the soil in place and increases the rate of A. pollution. B. soil erosion. C. deforestation. D. soil formation. 6-3 – The type of biodiversity that includes the inheritance information carried by the Earth’s organisms is called A. biological magnification. B. ecological diversity. C. genetic diversity. D. species diversity. 6-3 – Populations of invasive species tend to A. decrease. B. increase rapidly. C. remain constant. D. increase, then decrease. 6-3 – The wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife, is known as A. biodiversity. B. conservation. C. habitat alteration. D. ecosystem diversity. 6-3 – By focusing on protecting specific ecosystems, biologists hope to preserve A. global biodiversity. B. biological magnification. C. invasive species. D. habitat fragmentation. 6-3 – In a food pyramid, biological magnification results in the A. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the lowest level. B. increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the highest level. C. decreased number of levels in the food pyramid. D. increased amount of a toxic substance in the surrounding air or water. 6-4 – An increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is called A. the greenhouse effect. B. global warming or climate change. C. ozone depletion. D. climate control. 6-4 – The geological record indicates that Earth’s climate has A. remained essentially the same throughout history. B. been constant until humans have influenced the environment. C. changed dramatically every 150 years. D. repeatedly changed over its history. 6-4 – A possible effect of global warming is A. extinction of organisms in areas where they once thrived. B. an increase in global surface temperature of 20 Celsius degrees. C. a sharp decrease in the temperature of the waters off the coast of California. D. complete elimination of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere. 6-4 – Depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer results in A. a decrease in the amount of heat that reaches the surface. B. a decrease in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. C. an increase in the amount of rainfall. D. an increase in the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface. 6-4 – The most likely cause of ozone depletion is the A. addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. B. increase in UV radiation from the sun. C. addition of chemicals developed for use in refrigeration and aerosol cans. D. increase in the amount of smog produced by automobiles.