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In what modern day area did the Persians live? Southwestern Iran GREECE Describe the life-styles of early Persians. • Warriors • Nomads who herded cattle What did Cyrus the Great do? United Persia to become a powerful kingdom (559 BC-530 BC) How did Cyrus (Cry us)affect Hebrew history? Allowed the captive Jews in Babylon to return home to Jerusalem What was the Royal Road (pg. 132) and how did it help messengers? 1700-1800 miles of roads that stretched across the Persian Empire They set up road side station to help supply food, shelter (110 inns), and fresh horses How did Darius organize the Persian government? • He divided the empire into 20 satrapies (U.S. states) • Each had their own protector, or satrap (governor) SATRAPS • Tax collector • Judge • Chief of police • Head recruiter for the Persian Army How was the military organized? • Professional soldiers • Paid • Full time • 10,000 of these soldiers guarded the king Who were the Immortals? The king’s soldiers/ 10,000 specially trained Why were they called that? When they died, they were immediately replaced What did Zoroaster believe? • Believed in one god • Supreme being • As the creator of all things and a force of goodness • Humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong and that good would triumph in the end Battle of Marathon • • • • Who fought? Persia and Athens When was the Battle? 490 BC Where was it fought? Marathon, Greece Why was it fought? To stop the Athenians/Greeks from interfering with the Persian Empire • Who Won? How? Athens – waited for the Persians to retreat and attacked when they were vulnerable. • Who was Pheidippides and what did he do? Greek messenger who ran from Marathon to Athens (26.2 miles) Announced “Victory” with his last breath Pg. 134 Who was Xerxes and what did he vow? Son of Darius Vowed revenge against the Athenians What did the Greeks do to defend themselves against the Persians? • Greeks joined forces • Athens had a navy (General Themistocles) • Sparta had the soldiers (King Leonidas) Plan of Attack: • As Persians marched south, it depended on its ships for food and supplies. • Athen’s navy would fight Persia’s navy to cut off the food supply Pg. 134 Where and how did the Greeks stall the Persians attacks? • A narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae The Persian army had to be stalled so that Athens could prepare it’s fleet 300 Spartan soldiers stalled the Persians in the Mountains King Leonidas and his men were heavily outnumbered: they “fought in the shade.” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU6HY EpMG5w Why were the Greek ships able to defeat the bigger Persian ships? Ships maneuver well in tight spaces Ships were smaller, faster, and easier to steer Persian ships were bigger targets Pg. 136 What did the Persians do to Athens? Although the Persian fleet was destroyed, the Persian army marched south and burned Athens. What happened at Plataea? • 479 B.C. The Greeks crushed the Persians with the largest Greek army ever assembled. What were two of the main problems that led to the decline of Persia? 1. Kings raised taxes- caused a rebellion 2. Royal family fought over who would be king Royal family killed family members Who invaded Persia in 334 BC? Alexander the Great