* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Microlife
Survey
Document related concepts
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Micro life Understanding how the cell works Advantages in Cell Structure Small size allows for EASY ACCESS for Nutrients and waste removal (Osmosis and Diffusion) Cells can become specialized to perform certain tasks Multicellular animals have better survival chance; (If you are single celled organism with cell flaw or cell damaged you die: Prokaryote/bacteria) In multicellular organisms cells can replaced when damaged: However, the more complex the organism the less “regeneration” Specialized Cells create more complex organisms and organs with better abilities: however, harder to repair when damaged and some can be not be repaired: Nerve, Brain cells in humans 2 Factors which limit cell’s size 1. Cell Volume- the space that the cells physically fills 2. Surface Area- area of the cell’s surface which interacts with the environment around the cell The ratio of cell’s S.A. to its volume is what limits the cell size The reason is that diffusion or osmosis will not work well when volume of cell out grows it’s S.A. Cell Life Stages G 1 Stage Cell increases in size Organelles double New Cytoplasm forms Cell functions Normally S Stage All Genetic Material is replicated G 2 Stage Cell begins the process of Mitosis or cell Division Twin Chromosomes Nucleus then form an Disappears and attachment poit Chromosomes called a centromere become visible Centrioles appear and Spindle Fibers Steps of Mitosis Interphase- nucleus disappears and chromosomes appear Prophase- Chromosomes move to center of cell; Centrioles move to opposite ends Metaphase- Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes in middle of cell Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of cell (centrioles) Telophase- Chromosomes, centrioles, and spindle fibers disappear; nucleus reforms and cell splits its cytoplasm to make 2 new “daughter” cells (cytokinesis) Cellular Respiration Use of Nutrients in a cell to provide energy for the cell to function What is Diffusion Diffusion is how cell’s breathe Works through Cell Membrane- “Gatekeeper of the cell” Oxygen gas naturally want to go inside cell because cell contains a lower amount of oxygen inside: Carbon Dioxide naturally want to leave cell because of high levels of Carbon Dioxide inside cell and low amount outside What is Osmosis? Natural flow of water across and through the cell membrane Allows for nutrients to enter and leave cell without using energy Energy then can be reserved for specialized functions/abilities Passive Transport Requires no energy to move material throughout the cell Diffusion and Osmosis are forms of Passive Transport Active Transport Energy is required to allow material enter the cell membrane . Nutrients that are not water dissolved in water must be brought in this way into the cell: Example would be an Amoeba engulfing its food (single celled organism) or the use of cilia to cause food to enter cell membrane for digestion in the vacuoles