Download CH3- part2


“little organs”

Membrane bound structures within the
cytoplasm that have specialized functions.

Include:
Organelles
Mitochondria

One of largest organelles

Called “__________ of the cell”
◦ produces 95% of the cell’s energy (ATP)

Active cells have higher energy demands and therefore
more mitochondria.

Can divide through ____________ -or the pinching of
itself in half when the cells energy requirements increase.

Tend to be elliptical or round with an outer smooth
membrane and inner involuted membrane.

Inner membrane forms ____________ ,which increase
internal working area and the _________ (enzyme-rich
liquid housed in mitochondria that is used for
metabolism).
 Cristae are site of ATP production
 The more active the mitochondria, the
more cristae it has.
Mitochondria

Most numerous organelle in the cell.

Made of two glubular subunits composed
of _________ and ____ that fit together.
Site of _____________ synthesis.
◦ assemble amino acids into chains
instructed by the cell’s DNA


May be attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum (rough ER) or free in the
cytoplasm
 Affects the destination of the protein.
Ribosomes

Series of flattened tubes stacked on one another and bent into a
crescent shape.

Walls are made of a lipid bilayer and are continuous with the
membrane of the nucleus.
◦ Rough ER is covered in ribosomes is involved in production of
____________, which then move into the ER (cisternae) where they
are modified before going to the Golgi apparatus.
◦ Smooth ER is connected to Rough ER and is active in synthesis and
storage of __________. Lacks ribosomes.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)

Modification, packaging, and distribution
center

Found near _________ and is similar in
structure to ER.
◦ stacks of flattened, crescent shaped cisternae

Receives and modifies proteins
produced by ER that is sent in sacs.
◦ sacs fuse with the Golgi apparatus and release
proteins into its cisternae

Once modification is completed, they are
packaged in __________ and travel out into
the cell.
Golgi Apparatus

Specialized vesicle formed by Golgi
apparatus.

Contain ____________ ____________.

Membrane fuses with engulfed bacteria or
cell nutrients and digests them.

Considered “__________ of the cell”.

When cells die, lysosomes within burst open
and enzymes are released into the cytosol.
◦ Enzymes digest organelles and nucleus of the cell
(____________).
Lysosomes


Membranous sacs containing enzymes that are found
throughout the cell.
Do not develop from Golgi. Instead come from peroxisomes
pinching in half.
◦ Remove _______ __________, normal products of
cellular metabolism but can be harmful in large
numbers (interfere with protein, lipid, and nucleic
acid structures).

2 major enzymes used:
◦ _________________-assist in conversion in free radicals
to hydrogen peroxide.
◦ _________________-reduce hydrogen peroxide to water.
Peroxisomes