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Cells and Cell Organelles Cells and Organelles Cells are the basic “living” unit in an organism that has • structure • function • organization Organelles are the parts within a cell that work together for the cell to function. • Made up of molecules The Plasma Membrane (in all cells) • It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows for the passage of some things based upon charges and size ______, _______, solubility in fat _____________. Plasma Membrane’s Microvilli (animal cells) • Fingerlike-projections from the cell’s membrane • increase the surface area for better absorption or excretion Cell Wall • (in plant cells and prokaryotic cells) Surrounding the plasma membrane , 1. provides support 2. protects plant cells and prokaryotes this Cytoplasm (in all cells) • The jelly-like fluid that holds all organelles (cell parts) within the cell Cilia and Flagella (in all cells) • Hair-like projections that aide in movement • Cilia are shorter, more numerous and move back & forth • Flagella are longer & move in a snake-like motion. Nucleus and nucleolus SEM of a freeze-fractured nuclear membrane (in eukaryotic cells) • _________make Nucleolus ribosomes in the nucleus • Nucleus holds DNA wrapped around proteins that form chromatin ________ Nuclear pores • ____________, allow things to pass into and out of the nucleus TEM of nuclear pores Ribosomes: (in all cells) Function in protein synthesis (formation) 1. Proteins made by free ribosomes stay in the cell 2. Proteins made by attached ribosomes are shipped out of the cell or sent to the membrane Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes (on ER) TEM of ribosomes Ribosome unit Endoplasmic Reticulum (in eukaryotic cells) There are two types: 1. Rough ER has ribosomes attached. • Modifies & transports proteins 2. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on it. • • • Makes lipids (fat) Breaks down carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs & poisons Vesicles (in eukaryotic cells) Organelles that transport proteins from the ER to the golgi apparatus and eventually to the plasma membrane Golgi Apparatus (in eukaryotic cells) Vesicles carrying protein from the ER move here. _______ It sorts, packages, and ships these proteins outside the cell or to the membrane. Mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) Cellular Respiration takes place here. powerhouse of the cell because it creates It is the “____________” energy called ATP using oxygen gas and sugar Chloroplasts (in plant cells) • This changes energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar) in a process is called photosynthesis . To do this, H2O is also needed, and CO2 is released. Vacuoles (in eukaryotic cells) • Large, central organelle in plants that stores water for photosynthesis • In animals, it stores water, waste, and food and is small in size compared to plant vacuoles The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) • A cell’s internal skeleton The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) 1. Provides shape and support (skeletal) Organelle 2. Moves the organelles within the cell and helps move flagella/cilia Centrosome (in eukaryotic cells) and Centrioles (in animal cells only) • Centrosomes (in eukaryotes) make parts of the cytoskeleton and spindle fibers that help in cell division. • In animal cells, a pair of structures called centrioles (made of cytoskeleton) also help in cell division. Centrosome (halo) centrioles Lysosomes (in animal cells) • Special vacuole in animal digestive cells with _________ enzymes that help cleanup the cell Lysosome engulfing a worn-out organelle