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Chapter 11
Europe in Transition
Lesson 1
The Geography of Europe
Eurasia
Temperate Climate
Fjords
Navigable Rivers
Seine and Thames River
Forests in Europe
After Acid Rain
Vocabulary
• Deforestation-the process of clearing the
land of forests, often to make space for
farms and cities
• Fjord- a long, narrow inlet of the sea
between high cliffs
• Navigable-able to be traveled by boats or
ships
• Temperate-mild; moderate
Lesson 2
Birth of the Middle Ages
• Between 500 and 1400, or
Rome and Renaissance.
• Franks took over Gaul.
• Visigoths settled Spain, but
were defeated by Muslims
in 711.
• Muslims tried to get in
Europe but Charles Martel
rejected them in 732.
• Grandson Charlemagne
helped spread Christianity
all over Europe as a king.
Emperors & Invaders
• Charlemagne was crowned
emperor and protector of church
in 800.
• Set up school in Aachen.
• Charlemagne’s grandsons split
up Europe and it fell apart
again.
• Vikings invaded Normandy,
Russia, Iceland, Greenland,
North America.
• Muslim pirates.
• Magyars from the East.
• William came from Normandy
and conquered England 1066.
• Made our language today.
Feudalism
• Kings gave land to fiefs
(nobles).
• Fiefs that took an oath to
protect the king were
called vassals (knights).
• Fiefs would get
serfs(slaves, peasants) to
work at their manor.
• You typically were born
into and stayed in a certain
class.
• Hard life, little food, war.
Knighthood and More
• Knights fought and
were chivalrous.
Poetry, music, good
manners, good
Christian, defends
church.
• Elanor of Aquitaine
helped make idea of
chivalry popular with
writing.
Magna Carta
• Vassals wrote this in 1215
and King John had all
vassals sign this document.
• Said he couldn’t violate
rights of freemen with unfair
taxes.
• This came after he abused
his power.
• He imprisoned and taxed
heavily English freemen.
• Paves way for Constitution.
Vocabulary
• Feudalism-a system for organizing and governing society,
based on land and service.
• Fief- a property given to a vassal in exchange for loyalty
• Vassal-noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in
exchange for his loyalty
• Serf-a person who was bound to work on a noble’s manor
• Manor-a large self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and
worked by serfs
• Chivalry- the qualities of the ideal knight, including
politeness, bravery, honor, and protecting the king.
• Magna Carta-legal document written by English lords in
1215 that stated certain rights of barons, merchants, and
clergy, which limited power of the king.
The Middle Ages & the Church
• The Roman Church was the
only Christian church at the
time, and almost no one
read or wrote.
• Church owned most of the
land and put up
monasteries where monks
would stay, lead monk was
an abbot.
• Monasteries were schools,
homes, farms, etc.
• Also had a scriptorium.
• Copied many books.
Women and Crusades
• Women involved in church were
nuns.
• Many women became saints
when they died for helping
poor.
• Hildegard of Bingen helped
make music and a convent.
• 1095 Pope Urban II wanted to
take Jerusalem from Muslims.
• Called Christians to fight.
• Muslims, Eastern Orthodox, and
Jews killed.
• Reconquista began in Spain.
Cathedrals, Black Death, & More
• Cathedrals were made
larger and more
beautiful than ever
before.
• Goth churches had
buttresses for support.
• Plague hit in mid 1300s
killing 25 million
people.
• Rats, fleas, and people.
Vocabulary
• Monastery- community in which monks lead lives devoted to religion
• Nun-woman who devoted life to religion, often living in a convent
• Saint- woman or man considered by religious group to be especially
holy.
• Crusades-journey and battles undertaken by European Christians from
1095-1270 to take control of the Holy Land
• Reconquista- war fought from 718-1492 to take back Spain.
• Cathedral-large Christian church that is the official church of the
bishop
• Gothic-style of architecture developed in Europe between 1100-1500.
Arches, rub vaulting, and flying buttresses.
• Plagues-terrible disease that spread quickly and kills many people.
Lesson 4: The Renaissance
• People reinterested in the arts.
• Florence had many traders from
Africa and Asia and became very
rich.
• Medici family was wealthy and
began paying for arts.
• Searched for Greek and Roman
artifacts.
• Gained new knowledge.
• Petrarch wrote of how ancient
cultures were better than his.
• Christine de Pisan wrote, history
and about personal issues.
• Machiavelli gave government
advice.
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
The Renaissance Spreads
• Erasmus of Netherlands
wrote much, making fun
of greedy people.
• William Shakespeare,
most famous of Northern
Renaissance.
• Van Eyck, Albert Durer,
Hans Holbein all known
for art.
• Migeul de Cervantes
wrote Don Quixote.
• Portable clocks and
glasses invented.
• Rebirth and advancement.
Vocabulary
• Renaissance-period of great cultural and artistic
change that began in Italy around 1350 in Europe.
• Humanism- idea important to the Renaissance that
focused on human values that what people can
achieve in this world.
• Patron- a supporter of the arts
• Perspective- technique used by artists during the
Renaissance that seemed to create three dimensions
on the flat surface of a painting
Lesson 5: The Reformation
• Erasmus a chief critic of
the church.
• Pope Leo X needed money
to complete construction of
Saint Peter’s Church and
sold indulgences.
• Luther not happy with that
and nailed 95 theses in
October 31, 1517.
• Started the Reformation.
Call to Reform
• Luther wrote in people’s
language.
• Pope Leo X tried to burn
Luther’s writings, and maybe
Luther.
• Calvin agreed with reform,
just not like Luther.
• Henry VIII also breaks with
Catholic church, because he
wanted a divorce.
• Created the Anglican church.
Counter Reformation
• Protestant churches
attracted many followers.
• Roman Catholics went to
Trent to reform a little too.
• Began following Luther’s
lead a little.
• Ignatius of Loyala was a
soldier and became a
soldier for Christ. Spread
Christianity to Asia and
New World.
• War broke out and when
all was settled more power
to kings and less to church.
Vocabulary
• 95 theses- Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the
Roman Catholic church
• Indulgences-Roman Catholic Church, a pardon from
punishment for a sin in exchange for an offering
• Reformation- movement beginning in Europe in the 1500s
to bring reform to the Roman Catholic Church, and leading
to Protestantism.
• Protestant-Christian who belongs to one of the churches
that split from the Roman Catholic Church during or after
the Reformation.
• Anglican church-the church of England started by King
Henry VIII