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Biology 11
Semester 1 Exam Review
2009
Unit 1: The Living Condition
(Reference pg 8-9; pg 170-172)
1.
Name and describe the four general processes that distinguish living from nonliving
things.
2.
Describe the early belief in spontaneous generation (abiogenesis).
3.
Know the contributions of Redi, Spallanzani, Needham and Pasteur to the abiogenesis
controversy.
Unit 2: Homeostasis and Animal Systems
1.
Be able to identify on a diagram the primary organs of the human body associated with
the following systems: digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, nervous.
Unit 3: Working With The Microscope
(Reference pg. 44; pg. 929)
Care And Use of the Microscope
1.
Be able to identify the structures and explain the functions of the various parts of a
compound microscope.
2.
Calculate the magnifications of the various ocular lens and objective lens combinations.
3.
Describe the following, and state how each changes as you move from low power to high
power with the compound light microscope: resolution; depth of focus; light intensity;
field of view size.
Measurement with Microscopes
1.
Convert cm to mm to μm.
2.
Predict the position and orientation of any object as viewed through the microscope.
3.
Estimate the size (in μm) of any organism under the microscope at different
magnifications.
4.
Determine the scaled magnification of a diagram of a specimen, knowing the specimen's
actual size.
5.
Calculate what the scaled size of a drawing of an organism would be (in cm or mm) given
its actual size and the scaled magnification of the diagram.
Electron Microscopes
1.
Describe the general type of image obtained with the transmission and scanning electron
microscopes.
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Unit 4: Plant and Animal Cell Structure (based on lab work)
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Be able to identify all visible cell structures.
Be able to identify the chloroplasts of the moss cells, and explain their function.
Explain why plant cells often contain chloroplasts, yet none were seen in the cells of the
onion.
List and explain the general similarities in structure between plant and animal cells.
List and explain the general differences in structure between plant and animal cells.
Account for the above similarities and differences as much as possible.
Be able to identify a cell as being either plant or animal, based on given descriptions.
Unit 5: Eukaryotic Cell Structures
(Reference: Chapter 5 - pg 116 - 141)
1.
State the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, and be able to give
examples of each type.
2.
Describe in simple terms the evidence used by biologists to support the symbiotic theory
of the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
3.
Identify and explain the functions of the three basic regions of most cells:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
4.
Explain why it is necessary for the nuclear and cell membranes to be porous in nature.
5.
Describe the importance of the cell membrane to the function of the cell.
6.
Explain the importance of the cell wall as found surrounding plant cells and some other
types of cells.
7.
Briefly describe the function of the following cellular structures and organelles:
endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome; Golgi body; mitochondrion; chloroplast; vacuole;
lysosome; centriole; cilia and flagella; nuclear membrane; chromatin/chromosome.
8.
Describe how the various organelles in a cell often work together, and give a few
examples.
9.
Define unicellular and multicellular.
10.
Explain how unicellular organisms differ from multicellular organisms with respect to how
they perform their life processes.
11.
Know how cells are arranged into increasingly complex levels of cellular organization in
multicellular organisms – cells; tissues; organs; organ systems
12.
Explain why it is necessary for cells to have a high surface area to volume ratio.
13.
Use changes in SA: V ratios to explain why cells must be small.
14.
Describe the structural adaptation(s) that some cells have that increases their surface
area to volume ratio.
Unit 6: The Cell and Its Environment
(Reference Chap 4: 45, 88 – 110)
1.
State the cell theory.
2.
Describe the general properties of the plasma membrane.
3.
Describe the three main types of molecules that make up the plasma membrane phospholipid molecules; proteins; cholesterol - and describe their function.
4.
Distinguish between carrier proteins and channel proteins.
5.
Explain what the “fluid mosaic model” of membrane structure means.
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16.
Define diffusion and relate the definition to the particle movement theory.
State three factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
Describe the effect that each factor has on the rate of diffusion.
Explain the effect that a selectively permeable membrane has on the movement of
molecules by diffusion.
Apply the concepts of diffusion and osmosis to everyday occurrences (e.g. why we gargle
with salty water when we have a sore throat, why fish preserved with salt will not spoil,
or why watering will restore a wilted plant).
Differentiate between passive and active transport of materials into and out of cells.
Explain why diffusion and osmosis alone are not sufficient processes to transport all
materials into and out of living cells as needed.
Describe how facilitated diffusion differs from regular simple diffusion.
Explain the conditions under which active transport will be used to transport molecules
into or out of cells.
Explain the conditions under which phagocytosis or pinocytosis would be used by a cell to
bring substances into the cytoplasm from the environment.
Describe how exocytosis is used to move certain substances from the cytoplasm, through
the membrane, to the outside of the cell.
Unit 7: Biological Classification - Taxonomy
(Chap 14. pg 364 - 387)
1.
Explain the necessity of classification in Biology or any science.
2.
Describe the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to the science of taxonomy.
3.
Define the term binomial nomenclature, and explain the rules that apply to using it.
4.
Distinguish between the terms genus and species.
5.
List the seven main taxonomic groups and know which is more general.
(kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species).
6.
Define phylogeny, and explain how today’s taxonomists use it.
7.
Describe how taxonomists use the following in order to determine an organism's
phylogeny: fossils; homologous structures; comparative studies of chemistry, embryos,
proteins and DNA.
8.
State the purpose of a classification key.
9.
Explain what is unique about dichotomous classification keys.
10.
Use a prepared spider key or dichotomous key to identify unknown organisms.
11.
Name the five kingdoms of living things used today.
12.
List the unique characteristics that identify each of the five kingdoms of living things.
13.
Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote.
14.
Describe the events that changed the two-kingdom system to a three, four, and then five
kingdom classification system.
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Unit 8: Viruses
(Reference pg. 389-394)
Upon completion of this unit you should be able to do the following:
1.
Describe the basic structure of a virus.
2.
Explain why viruses occupy an unusual position between living and non-living matter.
3.
Explain in general how viruses replicate inside a host cell.
4.
Explain the term ‘bacteriophage’.
5.
Outline the two pathways of viral replication (lytic and lysogenic cycle).
Unit 9: Kingdom Monera
(Reference pg. 395-400)
1.
Describe the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells.
2.
Name and describe the three main groups of bacteria, as classified by shape, and how the
prefixes diplo, strepto and staphylo are used to describe colonies or groups of bacteria.
3.
Describe the general structure of a bacterial cell.
4.
Be able to name some harmful and helpful roles that bacteria play in the world around us.
Unit 10: Kingdom Protista
(Reference pg. 401 - 409)
1.
List the three main groups in kingdom Protista and describe the general features of each
group.
2.
Describe the general characteristics of the protozoans (rhizopods, ciliates, flagellates,
sporozoans) and be able to give an example of each.