Download Final Exam Review

Final Exam Review Biology 104
The exam will cover all of our chapters but remember as you review chapters how the concepts
build upon one another. For example, the chapter on chemistry and biological molecules was
preparing us to study respiration and photosynthesis. Emphasis for the final will be on the same
topics as were previously outlined on study guides for each exam remember that this test is only
100 points and it covers 14 chapters so study broadly and relate concepts from the early chapters
to later chapters.
You have up to 2 hours to complete the final. When you arrive for the final please bring a #2
pencil and have all notes and books put away before entering the room so you don’t disturb
others.
Chapter 1
List characteristics of living things.
What does it mean to metabolize energy?
Define prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (Ch 4)
What is microevolution. (Ch 17)
What are the three principles of cell theory?
What is the scientific method, a hypothesis, a theory?
Chapter 2 & 3 Chemistry and Organic Molecules
The smallest units of matter are ______.
List the subatomic particles and the charges they possess.
Define ion.
Define atomic number
How many electrons are required to fill each orbital of an atom?
Why does an atom react with another?
List and define the three bond types.
Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
Define acid and base and give an example of each.
Define organic compound.
List the 4 types of organic molecules and some examples.
Name the building blocks of proteins. How many are there?
List the three components of nucleotides. What is a nucleotide used for?
List the 4 nucleotide bases of RNA and the 4 for DNA.
What is the purpose of DNA in the body? (genetics)
What is ATP used for?
List the chemical symbol and atomic number ( ) for each of the following elements.
Carbon (6)
Oxygen (8)
Hydrogen (1)
Chapter 4 The Cell
Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
List the differences between plant and animal cells.
What is the structure and function of the major cell organelles.
Chapter 5 Membranes
Describe the major components of the plasma membrane
Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Describe passive and active transport – what are the different forms of transport?
Chapter 7 Respiration
What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
What is released when energy gets converted from one form to another?
What is an enzyme? A coenzyme?
How do enzymes work?
What is the overall reaction for aerobic respiration?
What are the major inputs and outputs of glycolysis? How about the Krebs cycle?
What is the location of the electron transport chain?
Where does the Krebs cycle “take place”? Where does glycolysis take place?
What is the role of the electron transport chain (hint: what is accomplished by the electron transport chain
moving these electrons along? Think about H+ and ATP synthase)?
What are the major structures of the mitochondrion and their associated functions in respiration?
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis?
What are the two sets of reactions of photosynthesis?
What are the products of each set?
Oxygen is a by product of photosynthesis. What is the source of oxygen?
What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
What are the major structures of the chloroplast and their associated functions in photosynthesis?
Chapter 9&10 Mitosis & cytokinesis AND Meiosis
Describe and distinguish mitosis and meiosis. What types of cells do these processes occur in?
Define and describe the function of chromosome, sister chromatid, centromere, spindle, equator, poles,
centrosome.
What are homologous chromosomes? How many do you have?
Name the phases of interphase. When is DNA duplicated?
Review the stages of mitosis using diagrams of the process and lists of the characteristics of each stage.
What is cytokinesis and how does it differ in plants and animals?
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Review the stages of meiosis I and II using diagrams and lists of the characteristics of each stage.
What is a crossover or genetic recombination? Why is it important?
What is the relevance of independent assortment during meiosis I (metaphase I)?
Chapter 11 Mendel and His Discoveries
Define gene, allele, linkage, dominant allele, recessive allele, homozygous condition, heterozygous
condition, genotype, and phenotype.
Compare and contrast dominant/recessive, codominant, incomplete dominance. Make Punnett squares for
each type of dominance.
How is a continuous variation trait distributed in a population?
What is the influence of the environment on genotype? How about on phenotype?
Chapter 12 Genetic Disorders & X linked Inheritance
Review x-linked inheritance & pedigree charts. Practice Punnett squares with X linked recessive traits.
What is a genetic disorder? What are the four types of chromosome (gene) structural mutations? What is
aneuploidy and nondisjunction?
What is a mutation and how does it become an inherited trait?
Chapter 13 Structure of DNA
DNA is a double helix. List the three primary components of each nucleotide.
List the four nitrogen bases of DNA. Which are purines and which are pyrimidines?
Explain complementary base pairing.
Explain semiconservative replication. Explain 5’ to 3’ replication.
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
Who were Watson & Crick and what did they discover?
Chapter 14 Transcription, translation, and regulation (DNA to Proteins)
Name the base that “replaces” thymine in RNA.
What is transcription (describe this process)? Where in the cell does it occur?
What is translation – describe this process (initiation, elongation, and termination)? Where in the cell
does it occur?
Chapter 17 Microevolution
Define gene pool, microevolution, artificial selection and population.
What are the mechanisms of microevolution (e.g. natural selection, genetic drift) and how do they occur?
Describe the three forms of natural selection (disruptive, directional, stabilizing).
Ask yourself some overall questions. For example - How are enzymes created? (they are proteins so it
involves genes in the DNA, transcription and translation, then they are used in respiration or another
physiological process)