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An Invitation to Health Chapter 2 Psychological Health Dr. Lana Zinger ©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co. Psychological Health Mental Health Feelings and moods. Emotional Health Our ability to perceive reality as it is, to respond to its challenges, and to develop rational strategies for living. Spiritual Health Our ability to identify our basic purpose in life and to experience the fulfillment of achieving our full potential. Emotional Health Determination and effort to be healthy. Flexibility and adaptability to a variety of circumstances. Development of a sense of meaning and affirmation of life. An understanding that the self is not the center of the universe. Compassion for others. The ability to be unselfish in serving or relating to others. Increased depth and satisfaction in intimate relationships. A sense of control over the mind and body that enables the person to make health-enhancing choices and decisions. Mental Health The ability to function and carry out responsibilities. The ability to form relationships. Realistic perceptions of the motivation of others. Rational, logical thought processes. The ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity. Other Components of Psychological Health Emotional Intelligence Self-awareness Altruism Personal motivation Empathy Ability to love and be loved Spiritual Intelligence The capacity to sense, understand, and tap into the highest parts of ourselves, others, and the world around us. Focus on the discovery of a wisdom within The Three Pillars of Positive Psychology “Treatment is not just fixing what is broken, it is nurturing what is best within ourselves”. Positive Emotions Positive Traits Positive Institutions Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Values Instrumental Important ways of thinking and acting. (being loving or loyal) Terminal Goals Achievements Ideal states Self Esteem Definition: Boosting self esteem: Belief and pride in ourselves which develops overtime starting in childhood. Positive affirmations, compliments, kudos and encouragement. Lowering self esteem: Feelings of a lack of love and encouragement, and seeking out people who think poorly of them. Mood Definition: A sustained emotional state that colors our view of the world for hours or days. Mood Management: Men: distraction or alcohol and drug use. Women: talking with someone or to ruminate on why they feel bad. Cognitive reappraisal. Alter your negative feelings. Get moving. Take your mind off your troubles. Genetics Relationships Gender and Race Factors Affecting Happiness Education Intelligence Life Events Age, Health, and Wealth Happiness Boosters Optimism Humor Loving and Being Loved Altruism Developing Autonomy Dependence Autonomy The Mentally Healthy Individual What is a Mental Disorder? American’s Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV) “a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.” When Students Seek Counseling Why Students Seek Psychological Help The Brain The Anatomy of a Neuron Nucleus Axon Axon Terminal Dendrites Glia Other Important Terminology: Neurotransmitters Synapse Receptors The Neuron The Basic Working Unit of the Brain Are Men’s and Women’s Brains Different? Men Women Have bigger brains. Have eyes which are more sensitive to bright light. Retain ability to see well at long distances longer in life. Loses brain tissue more rapidly than women. Use more neurons. Hears a broader range of sounds. Hearing remains sharper, longer. Responds more intensely to emotions. The Bottom Line: Neither gender’s brain is “better”. Anxiety Disorders Phobias Characteristic Symptoms Excessive or unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation. Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to the object or situation. Recognition that the fear is excessive or unreasonable. Avoidance of the feared object or situation. Inability to function as usual. Treatment Behavior therapy including systematic desensitization. Anxiety Disorders Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder Characteristics Panic attack: Rapid onset of dizziness or lightheadedness with rapid breathing or hyperventilation, numbness of fingers or toes, and a terrible sense that something horrible is about to happen. A panic disorder develops when attacks recur or apprehension about them affects normal daily function. Treatment Cognitive-behavior therapy. Medication. Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorders Characteristics Excessive or unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation. Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to the object or situation. Recognition that the fear is excessive or unreasonable. Avoidance of the feared object or situation. Inability to function as usual. Treatment Behavior therapy including systematic desensitization. Anxiety Disorders General Anxiety Disorder Definition Excessive or unrealistic apprehension that causes physical symptoms that lasts for six months or longer. Characteristics Faster heart rate, sweating, increased blood pressure, muscle aches, intestinal pains, irritability, sleep problems, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment Psychotherapy. Behavioral therapy. Antianxiety drugs. Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Characteristics Obsession: a recurring idea, thought, or image that they realize, at least initially, is senseless. Compulsion: Repetitive behavior performed according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion. Treatment Cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy. Medications. Depressive Disorders Characteristics Feeling depressed, sad, empty or discouraged, tearful. Loss of interest or pleasure in once-enjoyable activities. Eating more or less than usual with weight changes. Changes in sleep patterns Feeling slowed down or restless. Lack of energy. Surgery Difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness. Persistent thoughts of death or suicide. Withdrawal from others, lack of interest in sex. Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains. Depressive Disorders Treatments Psychotherapy Cognitive-behavior therapy Interpersonal therapy Medications Antidepressants Exercise Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Bipolar Disorder Characteristics Mood swings that take individuals from manic states of feeling euphoric and energetic to depressive states of utter despair. Involves, mood swings, and changes in thinking, behavior and physical condition. Treatment Cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy. Medications. Suicide Risk Who attempts suicide? Who completes suicide? Sex Female Male Age Under 35 Under 20 or over 60 More deadly, such as a gun. Low chance of rescue. Means Less deadly, such as wrist slashing. Circumstances High chance of rescue. Factors Contributing to Suicide Females Violence. Medical symptoms. Having a friend attempt or complete suicide. Illicit drug use. History of mental health problems. Males Violence. Carrying a weapon at school. Same sex romantic attraction. A family history of suicide or suicide attempts. Skipping school. Illicit drug use. Being held back or skipping grades. What Leads to Suicide? Mental Disorders Family History Substance Abuse Physical Illness Hopelessness Brain Chemistry Access to Guns Suicide Prevention Encourage your friend to talk. Don’t offer trite reassurances. Suggest solutions or alternatives to problems. Don’t be afraid to ask whether your friend has considered suicide. Don’t think that people who talk about killing themselves never carry out their threat. Mental Health Professionals Psychiatrist (MD) Psychologist Certified social workers or licensed social workers Psychiatric Nurses Marriage and family therapists Psychiatric Facilities and Organizations Hospitals Community Mental Health Centers Voluntary Agencies E-therapy Options for Treatment Psychodynamic Psychotherapy CognitiveBehavior Therapy Interpersonal Therapy Psychiatric Drug Therapy Attention Disorders Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Causes Genetic and biological. Differences in the brain Prenatal use of alcohol, tobacco and cocaine. Delivery complications. Postnatal problems. Meningitis, encephalitis, chronic lead exposure or severe head trauma. Three Primary Symptoms Hyperactivity Impulsivity Distractibility Treatment Medications Psychotherapy General counseling Vocational rehabilitation Academic tutoring Schizophrenia Symptoms Hallucinations, delusions, inability to think in a logical manner, talking in rambling or incoherent ways, making odd or purposeless movements or not moving at all, mimicking gesture or words, showing few, if any, emotions, lacking will or motivation, and functioning at a much lower level than normal. Phases Prodromal, active and residual phases. Treatment Antipsychotic medications The Keys to Psychological Wellness Accept yourself Respect yourself Trust yourself Love yourself Stretch yourself Look at challenges as opportunities for personal growth Where and who do you want to be a decade from now?