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Objectives
List the key structures of the brain and describe the
role of neurons in communication within the brain.
Explain the differences between mental health
and mental illness and list some effects of
mental illness on physical health.
Name the major mental illnesses and their
characteristic symptoms.
Chapter 4 Objectives
Discuss some of the factors that may lead
to suicide, as well as strategies for prevention.
Describe the treatment options available
for those with psychological problems.
Name the option you will consider if
you have a mental health problem, and
describe the reasons for your choice.
Are Men’s and Women’s
Brains Different?
Men
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Have bigger brains.
Have eyes which are more
sensitive to bright light.
Retain ability to see well at
long distances longer in life.
Loses brain tissue more
rapidly than women.
Women
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Use more neurons.
Hears a broader range of
sounds.
Hearing remains sharper,
longer.
Responds more intensely to
emotions.
The Bottom Line
Neither gender’s brain is “better”.
The Mentally
Well
Individual
Establishes and
maintains close
relationships
Perceives
reality as
it is
Carries out
responsibilities
Feels a
sense of
fulfillment
in daily
living
Accepts
own
limitations
and
possibilities
Values
himself/
herself
Pursues
work that
suits talents
and training
Fig. 4-3, p. 84
What is a Mental Disorder?
A behavioral or
psychological syndrome
associated with distress
or disability with a
significantly increased
risk of suffering death,
pain, disability, or loss
of freedom.
Gender and Depression
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Depression is twice as common in females
versus males, but male depression is an
“under” disease
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“underdiscussed”, “underrecognized”,
“underdiagnosed”, and “undertreated”.
Factors Contributing to Depression
Genes, brain chemistry, sex hormones,
childhood abuse, chronic stress, divorce, job
loss, or career setbacks.
Major Depression
Characteristic Symptoms
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Feeling depressed
Loss of interest
Eating more or less
Having trouble
sleeping
Feeling slowed down
Lack of energy
Feeling helpless
Difficulty
concentrating
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Difficulty thinking
clearly
Persistent thoughts of
death
Withdrawal from
others
Headaches, digestive
problems, aches and
pains
Depressive Disorders
Treatments
Psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Medications
Antidepressants
Exercise
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Bipolar Disorder
Manic Depression
Characteristics
• Mood swings that take
individuals from manic
states of feeling euphoric
and energetic to
depressive states of utter
despair.
• Involves mood swings,
changes in thinking,
changes in behavior, and
changes in physical
condition.
Treatment
• Mood-stabilizing
medications
• Psychotherapy
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Definition
Treatment
An anxiety disorder masked
by an inordinate fear of an
object, a class of objects,
or a situation, resulting in
extreme avoidance
behaviors.
Behavior therapy
including systematic
desensitization.
Common Phobias
Involve animals (dogs, snakes,
insects, and mice); sight of
blood; claustrophobia,
acrophobia; and
agoraphobia.
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Panic Attack
A short episode
characterized by physical
sensations of
lightheadedness,
dizziness,
hyperventilation, and
numbness of extremities,
accompanied by an
inexplicable terror,
usually of a physical
disaster such as death.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which
the apprehension or
experience of recurring
panic attacks is so
intense that normal
functioning is impaired.
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder
characterized as chronic
distress.
Common Symptoms
Faster heart rate, sweating,
increased blood pressure,
muscle aches, intestinal
pains, irritability, sleep
problems, and difficulty
concentrating.
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Treatment
Psychotherapy.
Behavioral therapy.
Antianxiety drugs.
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition
Obsession
An anxiety disorder
characterized by
obsessions and/or
compulsions that impair
one’s ability to function and
form relationships.
A recurring idea, thought or
image.
Compulsion
Repetitive behavior performed
according to certain rules or
in a stereotyped fashion
Treatment
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral therapy
Medications
Attention Disorders
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
A spectrum of difficulties in
controlling motion and
sustaining attention,
including hyperactivity,
impulsivity, and distractibility.
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Treatments
Medications
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Potential Complications
Academic difficulties, poor
concentration, difficulty
making decisions,
relationship difficulties, sleep
problems, increased risk of
depression, anxiety disorders
and substance abuse.
Stimulants:
Nonstimulants:
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Ritalin
Strattera
Psychotherapy
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
Hallucinations; delusions; inability to think in a logical manner;
talking in rambling or incoherent ways; making odd or
purposeless movements; mimicking gesture or words; showing
few, if any, emotions; lacking will or motivation; and functioning
at a much lower level.
Causes
Failure in brain development early in life and genetics.
Not due to upbringing, social conditions, or traumatic experience.
Treatment
Antipsychotic medications
What Leads to Suicide?
Mental Disorders
Antidepressant Medications
Substance Abuse
Hopelessness
Family History
Physical Illness
Brain Chemistry
Access to Guns
Life Crises
Suicide Prevention
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Encourage your friend to
talk.
Don’t offer trite
reassurances.
Suggest solutions or
alternatives to problems.
Don’t be afraid to ask
whether your friend has
considered suicide.
Don’t think that people
who talk about killing
themselves never carry
out their threat.
Types of Therapists
Psychiatrists
Licensed medical doctor with
additional training n psychotherapy,
psychopharmacology, and treatment
of mental disorders.
Types of Therapists
Psychologists
Mental health-care professionals
who have completed doctoral or
graduate programs in psychology
and are trained in a variety of
psychotherapeutic techniques, but
who are not medically trained and so
not prescribe medications.
Types of Therapists
Certified Social
Workers
A person who has completed a twoyear graduate program in counseling
people with mental problems.
Types of Therapists
Psychiatric
Nurses
A nurse with special training and
experience in mental health care.
Types of Therapists
Marriage and
Family
Therapists
A psychiatrist, psychologist, or social
worker who specializes in marriage
and family counseling.
Types of Therapy
Psychodynamic
Psychotherapy
Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
(IPT)
Psychiatric Drugs
Alternative Mind-Mood
Products
Surviving and Thriving
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Accept yourself.
Respect yourself.
Trust yourself.
Love yourself.
Stretch yourself.
Look at challenges as
opportunities for personal
growth.
Think not only where but
also who you want to be
a decade from now.