Download Comma-Rules-Introductory-Elements

Comma Rules: Handout #2
Use a comma to set off most introductory elements. An introductory element modifies a
word or words in the main clause that follows. These elements are usually set off from the rest
of the sentence with a comma. Below are the most common types of introductory elements
along with examples of each.
1. Subordinate clauses: When used at the beginning of a sentence, these include
because clauses and www.asia clauses. There are many other subordinating
conjunctions that may be used to begin these clauses. See your handout on
conjunctions for a list.
 When identical twins are raised apart, they grow up very much like each
other.
 Because they are similar, such twins interest scientists.
2. Verbals or verbal phrases: A “verbal” is a special verb form such as smoking or
hidden or to win that can function as a noun (smoking is dangerous) or as a modifier
(the hidden money, the urge to win). When these verbals are nouns, they could
function as the subject of the sentence. Verbals that are subjects are NOT
introductory elements. (Jogging is good exercise.)
 Explaining the similarity, some researchers claim that one’s genes are one’s
destiny.
 Concerned, other researchers deny the claim.
3. Prepositional phrases: The preposition along with its object and any modifiers is
called a prepositional phrase. Look at your list of prepositions for reminders.
 In a debate that has lasted centuries, scientists use identical twins to argue for
or against genetic destiny.
4. Transitional or parenthetical expressions: Transitional expressions may be
used to show sequence or order, to compare or contrast, to give examples or intensify,
to indicate time, etc. See your list of transitional expressions for more ideas.
Parenthetical expressions provide comments and other nonessential information.
 Of course, scientists can now look directly at the genes themselves.
Comma Handout #2