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Transcript
Name____________________________________________________________ Per.______ Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Chapter Four, First Empires, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. (pp. 150-154) Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars The collision of the Greeks and the Persians was an unequal conflict o Grew out of their respective patterns of interaction Greek settlements on the Anatolian seacoast (Ionia) came under Persian control 499 BCE: Ionian Greek cities revolted against Persian domination & found support from Athens Outraged, the Persians twice in 10 years launched major military expeditions to punish Greeks o Known as the Greco-Persian Wars o The Greeks defeated the Persians on both land and sea This defeat had little effect on the Persians but a profound impact on Greeks, especially Athens o Source of enormous pride for Greeks o 490 BCE- Battle of Marathon’s victory was product of Greek freedoms o Led to worldview in which Persia represented Asia & Greeks signified Europe (East/West Divide) Greeks’ victory radicalized Athenian democracy o Had been men of poorer classes who had rowed their ships to victory o Poorer men now in position to insist on full citizenship 50 years after Greco-Persian Wars was the Golden Age of Greek Culture o Parthenon built (Temple honoring Greek goddess Athena) o Greek theater was born from work of Aeschylus o Socrates beginning career as a philosopher Athens’s Golden Age was era of incipient empire o Athenian leadership against Persian aggression spawned imperialism o After war, Athenian efforts to solidify Athens dominant position among allies led to resentment and civil war (431-404 BCE) o Known as the Peloponnesian War o Athens was defeated & Greeks magnified their distrust for one another o Opened door to takeover by growing forces of Macedonia Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era Macedonian takeover of Greece led by Philip II achieved the political unification of Greece Led to 2nd collision of Greece & Persia as Alexander led Greek expedition against Persia o Served to unify the fractious Greeks in a war against a common enemy o Was among the greatest military feats o Created a Greek empire from Egypt & Anatolia in the west to Afghanistan & India in the east o Persian Empire was defeated & its capital Persepolis was looted & burned o In Egypt, Alexander was celebrated as a liberator from Persian domination Alexander died in 323 BCE without returning to Greece o His empire was divided into 3 kingdoms ruled by his Macedonian generals Chief significance of Alexander’s amazing conquests lay in the widespread dissemination of Greek culture during the Hellenistic Era (323-30 BCE) o Elements of that culture penetrated lands of Egypt, Mesopotamia, & India Greek culture spread: o Simplified form of the Greek language was spoken from Mediterranean to India o Indian monarch Ashoka published some of his decrees in Greek o Attraction of many young Jews to Greek culture prompted Pharisees to develop their own school system o Conquest states ruled by the Greeks: Ptelomaic empire in Egypt, & Seleucid in Persia Imperial states preserved order, raised taxes, & maintained authority of monarchy Fair amount of cultural interaction & blending occurred o Alexander encouraged intermarriage between his troops & Asian women o In Egypt & Mesopotamia, Greek rulers patronized building of temples to local gods o In India, Greeks were assimilated into the hierarchy of the caste system as members of the Kshatriya (warrior) caste Much of Greek cultural influence faded as the Hellenistic kingdoms weakened & vanished by 1st Century BCE o Represented a remarkable cultural encounter, born of the collision of the 2 empires & 2 classical civilizations Greek rule was replaced by that of the Romans