Download Questions to Review for Exam 3

THIS IS NOT THE EXAM REVIEW SHEET!
HELLO EVERYONE!!! These are questions from
old exams that are (mostly) relavent to Exam 2.
I understand that there are many... however,
these are a helpful resource. I highly
recommend running through all of them (maybe
try answering 25-50 per day?) These questions
are directly copied and pasted from a folder on
blackboard posted by your professors.
d. Differential gene expression helps regulate which
collagens are expressed in specific tissues and
locations in the body.
*e. All of the above
f. None of the above
Multicellularity/specialization
27. Which of the following is an example of
extracellular matrix
a. Collagen
b. Fibronectin
c. Chitin
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
28. Which of the following is a function of the
extracellular matrix (ECM)?
a. Strengthening cell-cell and tissue-tissue contacts
b. Providing support. Tissues such as bone are largely
ECM.
c. Mediating cell signaling
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
29. Which of the following is true of the plant cell
wall?
a. It forms a barrier making plant cells resistant to
osmotic lysis.
b. A major component is cellulose.
c. A major component is glucose.
d. It is composed of a primary and a secondary cell
wall, each with distinctive properties.
*e. All of the above
f. None of the above
32. Given the information in the table above, which
of the following is a reasonable conclusion?
a. All collagens have similar physical characteristics.
b. Collagens only form long fibers.
c. Collagens are not found throughout the body.
*d. Collagens are found in the extracellular matrix of
cells.
33. Given the information in the table above, which
of the following is a reasonable conclusion?
a. All collagens have similar physical characteristics.
*b. Collagens form fibers that can be rigid, flexible,
elastic, or form meshworks.
c. Collagens are not found throughout the body.
d. Collagen fibers are found within cells.
30. Which of the following is true of the plant cell
wall?
a. It strengthens cell-cell and tissue-tissue contacts.
b. A major component is cellulose.
c. A major component is glucose.
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
34. Why would it be important to have epithelial
layers lining compartments such as the intestine?
a. For cellular communication via gap junctions
*b. To strictly control what substances cross the
barrier
c. To create a smooth surface
d. To secrete ECM molecules onto the surface
e. A and C
31. Which of the following is true about collagen?
a. It is a triple helix made up of identical subunits.
b. It is a triple helix made up of different types of
subunits.
c. There are at least 27 different collagen proteins in
humans.
35.Which of the following statements about the
extracellular matrix is most correct?
a. It is composed of living cells.
b. It is a site of electron transport.
c. It is composed of lipopolysaccharides.
d. It is a static, rigid structure.
*e. Its components are produced and secreted by the
cell.
36. Tight junctions a. connect the cytoplasm of one cell to another.
b. are composed of pectin.
c. connect cells to the extracellular matrix.
*d. form seals that prevent solutes from diffusing in
between cells.
e. pair chromosomes during meiosis.
37. All but which of the following are involved in
physically holding cells together?
a. Extracellular matrix
b. anchoring junctions
*c. paracrine ligands
d. middle lamella
e. cell adhesion molecules
38. Which of the following processes are important
for normal development?
a. cell division
b. cell migration
c. cell differentiation
d. programmed cell death
e. A,B,C
*f. all of the above
39. The kidneys are able to regulate salt
concentration in the blood because
a. the endoplasmic reticulum performs dialysis
b. osmosis concentrates salt in kidney cells
*c. sodium transporters pump Na+ ions across the
epithelium separating capillary blood from renal
ducts
d. electron transport produces a negative charge that
attracts Na+ ions
e. Na+ is selectively filtered through the extracellular
matrix
41. The figure above from your textbook shows some
of the features of collagen synthesis and assembly.
Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Collagen fibers consist of a bundle of collagen
fibrils made up of a single collagen molecule.
b. Collagen is initially synthesized as a procollagen
that is then assembled into large multimeric
macromolecules in the cell.
*c. Procollagen assembles into collagen fibrils after
removal of the extension sequences.
d. Procollagen synthesis does not require a signal
sequence.
42. The figure above from your textbook shows some
of the features of collagen synthesis and assembly.
Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Collagen fibers consist of a bundle of collagen
fibrils made up of a single collagen molecule.
b. Collagen is initially synthesized as a procollagen.
Procollagen is then assembled into large multimeric
macromolecules in the cell.
c. Procollagen spontaneously assembles into collagen
fibrils.
*d. Procollagen synthesis requires a signal sequence.
40. Cellulose is
*a. found in the plant extracellular matrix
b. a component of the cytoskeleton
c. associated with DNA to form chromosomes
d. produced in chloroplasts
e. a type of proteoglycan
43. The figure above from your textbook shows some
of the features of collagen synthesis and assembly.
Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Collagen fibers consist of a bundle of collagen
fibrils made up of a single collagen molecule.
*b. Collagen is initially synthesized as a procollagen
that is then exported from the cell.
c. Procollagen spontaneously assembles into collagen
fibrils.
d. Procollagensynthesis does not require a signal
sequence.
44. What is the purpose of cell-cell junctions
a. To keep the extracellular matrix from breaking
*b. To link cells together in various ways
c. To facilitate the movement of cells
d. To make sure that cells will obtain food
45. Which types of cell-cell junctions allow form a
seal between intestinal epithelial cells?
*a. Tight junctions
b. Anchoring junctions
c. Gap junctions
46. Which types of cell-cell junctions allow for the
passing of small molecules between cells?
a. Tight junctions
b. Anchoring junctions
*c. Gap junctions
47. Which types of cell-cell junctions have close
assocations with the cytoskeleton?
a. Tight junctions
*b. Anchoring junctions
c. Gap junctions
48. The figure above is from your textbook. It shows
an electron micrograph of two intestinal epithelial
cells from an experiment where lanthanum, an
electron dense element, was injected into the
bloodstream of a mouse. What outcome would you
predict if the mouse was fed lanthanum rather than
injected with it?
a. The lanthanum would be observed on both sides of
the tight junction.
*b. The lanthanum would be observed on the apical
side of the tight junction.
c. The lanthanum would be observed on the basal
side of the tight junction.
d. The lanthanum would not be seen as it would be
degraded in the digestive tract.
49. Which of the following statements about
epithelial cells is true?
a. Epithelia are only found on the outer surfaces of
organisms.
b. Epithelia are a single cell layer thick.
*c. Epithelia are tightly adherent cells.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
50. Most multicellular organisms have which of the
following?
a. An outer cell layer that separates the organism
from the environment.
b. Cell-cell communication
c. A transport system that allows fluids to move
within the organism.
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
51. What is a function of the extracellular matrix?
a. To support the organism
b. To help arrange cells in space
c. To help cells sense and respond to environmental
changes
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
52. Pattern formation involves which of the
following?
a. Axis information provided by the mother
b. Cell-cell communication
c. Gradients of morphogens
d. The influence of gravity
*e. All of the above
f. None of the above
53. Pattern formation involves which of the
following?
a. The expression of homeotic genes
b. Differential gene expression
c. Communication of anterior-posterior and dorsalventral axis information
d. The influence of gravity
*e. All of the above
f. None of the above
54. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A finger muscle cell and a finger skin cell express
similar pattern formation genes, but the muscle
expresses mesoderm genes and the skin cell
expresses endoderm genes.
b. An arm neuron and a leg skin cell express different
pattern formation genes, but both expressed common
endoderm genes before diverging into neuronal and
epidermal lineages.
*c. Morphogens function in a concentrationdependent manner.
d. Once cells occupy a specific region in the embryo,
they differentiate only based on their history or
lineage.
55. Which of the following statements illustrate the
principle of differential gene regulation?
a. Neurons have a different mRNA profile than
muscle cells.
b. Only a subset of cells will respond to the presence
of a hormone.
c. Many cells express the same set of actin proteins,
but at different levels.
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
56. In extracellular cellular matrix (ECM), Elastin
protein:
a. provides tensile strength
*b. provides elasticity
c. provides both strength and elasticity
d. none of the above
57. In extracellular cellular matrix (ECM), collagen
protein:
*a. provides tensile strength
b. provides elasticity
c. provides both strength and elasticity
d. none of the above
58. What is the major component in plant cell wall:
a. Collagen
b. Elastin
*c. Cellulose
d. Chlorophyll
59. In animal cells, the cell junctions can be:
a. Anchoring junctions
b. Tight junctions
c. Gap junctions
*d. All of the above
60. In anchoring junctions, there are two kinds of cell
adhesion molecules (CAMs), cadherin and integrin.
The function of integrin is:
a. to create cell-to-cell junctions
*b. to create connections between cells and ECM
(extracellular matrix)
c. to mediate both cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM
interactions
d. None of the above
61. In anchoring junctions, there are two kinds of cell
adhesion molecules, cadherin and integrin. The
function of cadherin is:
*a. to create cell-to-cell junctions
b. to create connections between cells and ECM
(extracellular matrix)
c. to mediate both cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM
interactions
d. None of the above
62. Gap junctions function to:
a. Connect cells to the extracellular matrix
*b. Permit the passage of molecules from the
cytoplasm of one cell to another
c. Form tight seals that prevent extracellular fluids
from leaking between cells
d. None of the above
63. Tight junctions function to:
a. Connect cells to the extracellular matrix
b. Permit the passage of molecules from the
cytoplasm of one cell to another
*c. Form tight seals that prevent extracellular fluids
from leaking between cells
d. None of the above
Development
64. During limb formation, which is NOT true:
a. Cell division promotes the growth of the limb
b. Cell migration causes cells to reach to their correct
location
c. Cell differentiation produces specialized cells
d. Apoptosis eliminates cells in between the fingers
*e. Cells undergo meiosis
65. Pattern formation during development can be
determined/influenced by:
a. Morphogens
b. Cell contacts
c. Cell signaling
*d. All of the above
66. Which is not true about Bicoid:
a. is a morphogen that regulates Drosophila embryo
polarity
b. the gene is transcribed in nurse cells and
transported into anterior end of Oocyte
c. is a transcription factor
*d. Mutation of its genes leads to embryos with two
heads
70. Above is a model for flower patterning in
Arabidopsis. If you mutate C function gene (AG),
what the four wholes will be:
a. Sepal-Petal-Stamen-Carpel
b. Sepal-Sepal-Petal-Petal
c. Sepal-Petal-Sepal-Petal
*d. Sepal-Petal-Petal-Sepal
67. Drosophila embryos have 15 segments, the
identity of which is determined by:
a. Bicoid
b. Gap genes
c. Pair-rule genes
d. Segment-identify genes
*e. A transcriptional hierarchy of Bicoid/Gap
genes/Pair-rule genes/Segment identity genes
68. The segment identity gene, Bithorax, determines
that two wings form in the 2nd thoracic segment, in
the bithorax mutant, there are:
a. 2 wings at 2nd thoracic segment
b. 2 wings at 3rd thoracic segment
*c. 2 wings at 2nd thoracic segment and 2 wings at
3rd thoracic segment
d. None of the above
69. If the homeotic gene Antennapedia is ectopically
expressed in embryonic segment that gives rise to
antenna, the fly will have:
*a. legs form in the place for antenna
b. legs everywhere
c. legs in abdomen
d. None of the above
71. The figure shown above represents the
chromosome locations and expression patterns of
homeotic genes (Hox or Hom genes) in Drosophila
and mice. Which of the following statements is
consistent with the information shown?
a. Mice have more Hox genes than Drosophila.
b. The anterior to posterior expression patterns of
Hox gene expression is conserved.
c. The Abdominal B genes were likely duplicated
multiple times over the course of evolution.
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
74. The figure shown above illustrates the expression
domains of homeotic genes in Arabidopsis. What
would the pattern of structures be (Whorl 1 to Whorl
4) for a loss-of-function mutant in C? C limits the
domain of expression of A.
*a. Sepals, Petals, Petals, Sepals
b. Sepals, Sepals, Stamens, Stamens
c. Sepals, Sepals, Carpels, Carpels
d. Carpels, Stamens, Stamens, Carpels
72. The figure shown above illustrates the expression
domains of homeotic genes (Hox genes) in chickens
and mice. Which of the following statements is
consistent with the information shown?
a. Chickens and mice express similar sets of Hox
genes in the same anterior to posterior order.
b. The different body morphologies between mice
and chickens is due in part to changing the domains
of the expression of Hox genes.
c. The locations of forelimbs and hindlimbsis
governed by conserved mechanisms in vertebrates.
*d. All of the above
e. None of the above
73. The figure shown above illustrates the expression
domains of homeotic genes in Arabidopsis. What
would the pattern of structures be (Whorl 1 to Whorl
4) for a loss-of-function mutant in B?
a. Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels
b. Sepals, Sepals, Stamens, Stamens
*c. Sepals, Sepals, Carpels, Carpels
d. Carpels, Stamens, Stamens, Carpels
75. The figure shown above illustrates the expression
domains of homeotic genes in Arabidopsis. What
would the pattern of structures be (Whorl 1 to Whorl
4) for a loss-of-function mutant in A? A limits the
domain of expression of C.
a. Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels
b. Sepals, Sepals, Stamens, Stamens
c. Sepals, Sepals, Carpels, Carpels
*d. Carpels, Stamens, Stamens, Carpels
76. A mouse lacking both copies of MyoD does not
show a phenotype. It forms muscle. Based on this
experiment, what could you conclude about the
function of MyoD?
a. MyoD is sufficient for muscle cell differentiation
under these conditions.
b. MyoD is NOT sufficient for muscle cell
differentiation under these conditions.
c. MyoD is necessary for muscle cell differentiation
under these conditions.
*d. MyoD is NOT necessary for muscle cell
differentiation under these conditions.
77. What has happened in the mutant larva (b), a loss
of function situation, to result in the phenotype
shown?
a. a DNA mutation caused bicoid to be overexpressed, causing both ends to become posterior
*b. a DNA mutation caused bicoid to not be
expressed, causing both ends to become posterior
c. the normal larva was transformed into one with
two spiracles
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
78. Shoot lateral meristems are……(Finish the
sentence)
a. totipotent stem cells
*b. pluripotent stem cells
c. bipotent stem cells
d. determined cells
e. All of the above
f. None of the above
79. Root meristems are……(Finish the sentence)
a. totipotent stem cells
*b. pluripotent stem cells
c. bipotent stem cells
d. determined cells
e. All of the above
f. None of the above
80. Shoot apical meristems are……(Finish the
sentence)
a. totipotent stem cells
*b. pluripotent stem cells
c. bipotent stem cells
d. determined cells
e. All of the above
f. None of the above
81. A loss-of-function mutation in a Drosophila
melanogaster gene called dorsal causes a pattern
defect in the fly embryo. Mutant embryos are
completely dorsalized; that is, dorsal structures form
where there should be ventral structures. What does
this tell us about the normal function of the dorsal+
gene?
a. That it is required for producing dorsal structures.
b. That it is not required for producing dorsal
structures.
*c. That it is required for making ventral structures.
d. That it is not required for making ventral
structures.
e. None of the above.
82. A molecule that during development provides
positional information via a concentration gradient is
known as a
a. transcription factor
b. exon
c. endocrine signal
d. plastochron
*e. morphogen
83. Zebrafish is used as a model organism to study
development because
a. their embryos are almost identical to humans
b. they live longer than other fish
c. they have synchronous cell division cycles
d. they reproduce apomictically
*e. they have rapid generation times
84. In plant development, the following is NOT true
of shoot apical meristems
*a. they only occur in embryos
b. they involve pattern formation, morphogens,
transcriptional hierarchies, progressive restriction of
cell fate
c. they occur at the tips of shoots and roots
d. they are a self-renewing cell population (like
animal stem cells)
e. Continually produce organs, tissues, ect.
85. Which of the following is NOT true of homeotic
genes that control the identity of flower organs?
a. Mutants show changes in organ identity
b. They encode transcription factors
c. They function in a transcriptional hierarchy
d. They function combinatorially
*e. All these statements are true.
86. In plant development, what makes flower organs
(petals, stamens, etc.) different from each other?
a. Each inherits different genes
*b. Each expresses different genes
c. Each discards different genes
d. Each gene codes different proteins in different
organs
e. Each organ inherits different morphogens.
87. Which of the following DOES NOT contribute to
the differentiation of stem cell daughters?
a. transcriptional hierarchy
b. cell signaling
c. progressive restriction of cell fate
*d. altered genetic content
e. altered gene expression
88. Loss-of-function mutations in a gene called Pax6
cause mammal or fish embryos to not form eyes.
What is the normal function of the Pax6
gene?
*a. It is required for eye formation
b. It blocks eye formation
c. It is a morphogen
d. It signals formation of an R8 cell.
e. The function cannot be determined from the
information given.
89. Expression of segment identity genes in
Drosophila embryogenesis is determined by
*a. A transcriptional hierarchy
b. Stem cells
c. The dorsal-ventral axis
d. Mutants
e. Ommatidial signaling
90. In bone marrow, there are hematopoetic stem cells (cells that generate blood) and other cells called stromal cells.
Stromal cells express a protein called ”kit”. Injecting mice bone marrow with anti-kit antibodies causes inactivation
of the kit protein and results in a dramatic decrease in the number of hematopoetic stem cells. The most likely
function for the kit protein is
a. a ribosome
b. an ion channel
c. a membrane receptor
*d. a secreted signaling ligand e. a cell adhesion molecule
91. The Hox gene complex is a cluster of genes that
a. Controls parasympathetic neural signaling
b. Controls alternation of generations in plants
c. Encode a signal transduction pathway that promotes oogenesis
*d. Controls anterior-posterior body segment identities in vertebrates and insects
e. Controls stem cell proliferation and differentiation