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Carbon Compounds Ch 4 Sec 2 • Organic Compounds – Compounds that contain carbon • Organic – “of living things” – Made from living things – Materials produced in labs & factories – Part of solid matter of every organism on earth – Have similar properties • • • • • Melting points Boiling points Odor Electrical conductivity solubility • Many organic compounds have low melting points and low boiling points – Liquids or gases at room temp. • Strong odors • Do NOT conduct electricity • Many do not dissolve in water • Hydrocarbons – The simplest organic compound – Contains only carbon and hydrogen • Properties of Hydrocarbons – Mix poorly with water – Flammable • When burn – release a great deal of energy – Stoves, heaters cars, buses, airplanes • Chemical formulas of hydrocarbons – Differ in number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in each molecule • The simplest hydrocarbon is methane • CH4 – Remember how to read chemical formulas – How many atoms of each • A hydrocarbon with 2 carbon atoms = ethane • C2H6 • With 3 carbon atoms = propane • C3H8 • Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons – Carbon chains in hydrocarbons • Straight • Branched • Ring-shaped • Structural formula – Shows kind – Number – Arrangement of atoms • Each dash (-) = bond • Both ends of a dash are always connected to something methane CH4 H H C H H Ethane C2H6 H H H C C H H H Propane C3H8 H H H H C C C H H H H • Isomers – Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas – Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristics • C4H10 has two isomers butane & isobutane • See figure 9 – p 130 – Double bonds & Triple bonds • 2 carbon atoms can form double & triple bonds • Can also form a single, double or triple bond with oxygen • Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – Classification according to types of bonds – Saturated hydrocarbons (filled up) • Only single bonds it has max # of hydrogen atoms possible – Unsaturated hydrocarbons • Fewer hydrogen atoms – -ane = usually means saturated – -ene or –yne is unsaturated – Simplest unsaturated w/1 double bond=ethene (C2H4) • Produced by fruits • Helps to ripen – Simplest w/1 triple bond = ethyne (C2H2) • Acetylene used for welding • Substituted Hydrocarbons – Atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms – Carbon can bond with • • • • Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Members of halogen family – If just one atom of another element is substituted for one hydrogen atom, a different compound is created!!!! • Compounds containing halogens – One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogens – Freon – CCl2F2 – used for refrig. and a/c – now banned in the US – bad for the environment!!! – Trichloroethane – C2H3Cl3 – still used in dry cleaning – can cause severe health problems! • Alcohols: • OH = hydroxyl group • Alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl group • Alcohols: – Dissolve well in water – Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbons – Alcohol methanol – CH3OH • • • • Liquid at room temp. Extremely toxic Used to make plastics or synthetic fibers Remove ice from airplanes • A hydroxyl group for 1 hydrogen in ethane – Resulting alcohol = ethanol (C2H5OH) • Produced naturally by yeast or bacteria on the sugar stored in corn, wheat , barley • Good solvent for organic compounds that don’t dissolve in water • Added to gasoline = gasohol • Used in medicines • Found in alcoholic beverages • Industrial ethanol – unsafe to drink- methanol added = denatured alcohol • Organic acids – Substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups • Sour taste in fruit – citric acid – Carboxyl group – COOH • Acetic acid – CH3COOH –main ingredient in vinegar • Malic acid – found in apples • Formic acid – HCOOH – stinging feeling from plants & ant bites • Esters – Compound made from combining alcohol & organic acid • Pleasant, fruity smell – Smells in pineapples, apples, bananas, strawberries – Found in medications, aspirin, anesthetic in dentist offices • Polymers – Very large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules bonded together • Monomer – smaller particles – Poly = many – Mono = one • Alcohols, esters, and other organic compounds can be linked together to build polymers with thousands or millions of atoms • Natural polymers – come from living things – Wool – sheep – Silk – silkworms – Cotton – seeds of cotton plants • Synthetic polymers – made in factories – Polyester, nylon, all plastics