Download Functional Groups

Organic
Chemistry
Lesson 3
Functional groups
Try this…

Draw the structural formulas for the following alcohols. Alcohols are the homologous series with a
hydroxide (–OH) functional group. Are they structural isomers? Why or why not?
Hexan-1-ol
Hexan-2-ol
Hexan-3-ol
2-methylpentan-1-ol
3-methylpentan-1-ol
4-methylpentan-1-ol
2-methylpentan-2-ol
3-methylpentan-2-ol
4-methylpentan-2-ol
2-methylpentan-3-ol
3-methylpentan-3-ol
4-methylpentan-3-ol
2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol
2,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol
3,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol
2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol
3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol
We Are Here
Lesson 3: Functional groups
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Objectives:
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Learn to recognise the 13 functional groups required for
the course
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Produce a mind map or table summarising each of the
homologous series
What is a functional group?
• A group of atoms responsible for the
characteristic behavior of the class of compounds
in which the group occurs, such as the hydroxyl
group in alcohols.
R-OH
R-NH2
R-COOH
R is an abbreviation denoting the rest of the atoms in a molecule.
Functional Groups Table
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You need to research and
Your mind map should have at least
produce a mind map to
four sections including:
summarise the following classes
Functional group
of compounds and their
Name of functional group
characteristic functional groups:
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Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Alcohol
Ether
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic acid
Ester
Alkyl Halide / Halogenoalkane
Arene (Benzene)
Amide
Amine
Nitrile
General structural formula (use ‘R’
to signify a carbon chain)
Suffix in IUPAC name
(nomenclature)
Rules for naming them (including
the position where relevant)
A named example
Relative volatility
Relative solubility in water
Organic vocabulary: Primary, Secondary
and Tertiary Compounds
• The activity of a functional group often depends on its position in
the carbon chain.
• The difference between:
– 1o (primary): A primary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional group
and at least 2 hydrogen atoms.
– 2o (secondary): A secondary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional
group, 1 hydrogen atom and 2 alkyl groups.
– 3o (tertiary): A tertiary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional group
and 3 alkyl groups. No bonds to hydrogen atoms.
• You can also have 1o , 2o , and 3o alcohols and halogenoalkanes
depending on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon
bearing the functional group.
• In amines, you can talk about 1o , 2o , and 3o nitrogen atoms.
n
Homework
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Memorise the functional groups and their naming
Key Points
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There are 13-14 functional groups we need to know
about.
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We will look at the functional groups and the
different homologous series (classes of compounds)
in detail over the rest of the topic