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SBI4U: Unit 1 Test - Biochemistry Review Sheet
Test Breakdown (Approximate. May change slightly)
Knowledge/Understandi
ng
Thinking/Inquiry
/35
/20
Communication
Application
/20
/15
Multiple Choice, Diagrams, Labelling, Matching, Short Answers
Topics/Vocabulary:
Cell Structure
(All the organelles on the
chart) - be able to
label/understand main function
Chemistry Overview
Intramolecular Force
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
(polar/non-polar)
Intermolecular Force
Hydrogen Bonding
Electronegativity
Polar Bond
Hydrophillic
Hydriphobic
Functional Group
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Ketone
Aldehyde
Carboxyl
Phosphate
Sulfhydryl
Condensation/Dehydration
Hydrolysis Reaction
Neutralization
Redox Reactions
Acid
Base
Macromolecules
Monomer
Polymer
Glycosidic Linkage
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose,
Sucrose, Lactose, Starch,
Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Ester Linkage
Saturated Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Trans Fat
Hormone
Proteins
Amino Acid
Peptide Bond
Essential/Non-essential Amino
acids
R-group
Polypeptide
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,
Quaternary Structure
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Nitrogen Base
Deoxyribose Sugar
Ribose Sugar
Purines (Adenine, Guanine)
Pyrimidines (Thimine,
Cytosine, Uracil)
DNA vs. RNA
Hydrogen Bonds
Double Helix
Phosphodiester Bonds
Tests for Macromolecules
Benedict’s Test
Lugol Test
Sudan Red Test
Biuret Test
Enzymes
Catalyst
Activation Energy
Substrate
Active Site
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Lock and Key Model
Induced Fit Model
Inhibitor
Competitive Inhibitor
Non-competitive Inhibitor
Allosteric Regulation
Allosteric Binding Site
Allosteric Activator
Allosteric Inhibitor
Membrane Transport
Cell Membrane
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Integral Protein
Peripheral Protein
Glycoprotein
Glycolipid
Channel Protein
Carrier Protein
Cholesterol
Semi-Permeable Membrane
Diffusion/Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Solute/Solvent
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Sodium Potassium Pump
Review Questions:
Compare and contrast between the following terms:
Intermolecular/Intramolecular
Intermolecular - bond/force between atoms of different molecules (Hydrogen bond, van der waals etc)
Intramolecular – bond between atoms within molecule (ionic, covalent)
Ionic Bond/ Covalent Bond
Ionic bond – transfer of electrons between atoms to form a strong bond
Covalent bond – sharing of electrons between atoms to form a bond
Carboxyl/Carbonyl
Carnonyl group - C=O
Carboxyl group – contains a carbonyl plus an OH group attached to the carbon
O
||
C-O-H
Molecule/ Macromolecule
Molecule - A substance composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together
Macromolecules - composed of long complex chains of molecules (polymers), made of small subunits
(monomers) covalently bonded together
*both formed by covalent bonds
Carbohydrate/ Protein
*both macromolecules
Carbohydrates – made up of monosaccharide monomers; contains C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1; monomers linked
by glycosidic linkages
Proteins – made up of amino acid monomers; contain C, H, O and N; monomers linked by peptide bonds
Chloroplast/ Mitochondria
*both organelles and responsible for energy production (ATP)
Chloroplasts – found in photosynthetic organisms (plants)
Mitochondria – found in both plant and animal cells
Benedict’s Test/ Lugol Test
*both test for presence of macromolecules
Benedict’s Test – tests for presence of monosaccharides; Benedict’s solution added to sample and heated; colour
change from blue to pink indicates presence of monosaccharides
Lugol Test – tests for presence of polysaccharide starches; iodine added to sample; colour changes to dark
purple in presence of starch.
Integral Protein/ Peripheral Protein
*Both are proteins associated with the cellular membrane
Integral Proteins – embedded in the cellular membrane; function as channel or carrier proteins
Peripheral Proteins – associated temporarily with outer regions of the membrane or with integral proteins; one
function is to catalyze reactions (enzymes)
Solute/ Solvent
Solute – the dissolved substance
Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving
(e.g. glucose in water; water is the solvent and glucose is the solute)
Active Transport/ Passive Transport
*both methods of transporting materials across the cellular membrane
Active transport – requires energy to move materials across the cellular membrane from and area of low
concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient)
Passive transport – does not require energy to move materials across the cellular membrane from an area of
high concentration to low concentration (with concentration gradient)
Active Site/ Allosteric Site
*Both sites found on an enzyme
Active site – site on the enzyme that binds the substrate and where the chemical reaction that is being catalyzed
takes place
Allosteric Site – site on the enzyme that is not the active site; other molecules (NOT the substrate) bind to
regular activity of the enzyme by changing the shape of the enzyme
2.
a) Draw a diagram showing how a polymer is formed from two monomers
for each type of macromolecule below.
b) Name the monomer
c) Name the type of bond formed
(You should also be able to show how two monomers are formed from a polymer)
Carbohydrate
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Type of Bond: Glycosidic Bond
Lipid
Monomer: Fatty Acids
Type of Bond: Ester Bond
Protein
Monomer: Amino Acids
Type of Bond: Peptide Bond
Nucleic Acid
Monomer: Nucleotides
Type of Bond: Phosphodiester Bond
E.g. Triglyceride
*phosphodiester bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar or another nucleotide
Fill in the chart below with the appropriate information.
Organelle
What type of cells is it
found in? (plant, animal,
both)
Function
Vacuole
BOTH
(large central vacuole in
plant cells; many small
vacuoles in animal cells)
- large membrane bound sac
- stores water, ions, macromolecules, sugars, amino acids
etc.
Ribosomes
BOTH
- responsible for synthesis of polypeptides (protein
synthesis)
- found in cytosol and surface of rough ER
Chloroplast
PLANTS ONLY
- produce energy (ATP) through photosynthesis
PLANTS ONLY
- rigid outer layer of plant cells that provide shape and
structural support
Nucleus
BOTH
- controls cell activity by regulating gene expression
Mitochondria
BOTH
- produces/supply energy (ATP)
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
BOTH
- covered in ribosomes
- sort proteins that are destined for ER, Golgi, vacuoles, etc.
Cell Wall
5. Complete the following table regarding the 4 main types of biological molecules.
Macromolecule
Monomer (subunit)
Function
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
stores genetic information; protein
synthesis
Proteins
Amino acids
Enzymes/catalysts (speeds up
chemical reactions); transport;
enables movement; carries
messages; fights infections
Lipids
Phosphate group + glycerol +
2 fatty acids
OR
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Etc.
Long term energy storage; cushions
and insulates organs; main part of
cell membrane; sex hormones
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Short term energy storage
What is each of the following tests used for Benedict’s Test, Lugol Test, Sudan Red Test, and Biuret Test? For each
test describe what a positive reaction would look like.
Benedict’s Test – tests for presence of monosaccharides; Solution changes from blue to pink
Lugol Test – tests for presence of polysaccharide starch; Iodine solution turns dark purple
Sudan Red Test – tests for presence of lipids; dye absorbed by lipids – spots of colour
Biuret Test – tests for presence of proteins; KOH and CuSO4 solution turns purple
Protein
Test
Lipids
Test
Sudan Red
test
Lugol
test
Benedict
test
Food
sample
Carbohydrate
Tests
Biuret
test
Analyze the date below and answer the following questions.
A
+
–
–
–
E
-
-
+
+
G
-
+
-
-
M
-
-
-
+
A.
B.
C.
D.
Is sample E most likely to be steak, bread, or butter? Justify your answer. STEAK
Is sample G most likely to be table sugar (sucrose), pasta, or olive oil? Justify your answer. PASTA
Is sample M most likely to be chicken, rice, a mango, or butter? Justify your answer. BUTTER
Why would you get negative results in all tests for LACTOSE? Lactose is a DISACCHARIDE. None of the above tests
detect the presence of disaccharides.
Compare the lock and key model to the induced fit model. How are they similar? How are they different?
In both models, enzymes are specific to substrates. Enzymes catalyse a specific type of reaction.
Lock and Key Model
Active site on enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key
 The enzyme has an active site that is unchanging
 Substrate binds  chemical reaction occurs
Induced Fit Model
 The enzyme can change its shape
1. One substrate molecule binds weakly
2. The enzyme’s active site changes shape so that a second substrate molecule can bind
3. The second substrate binds
 Chemical process (reaction) occurs
Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibition. How are they similar? Give two ways they are different.
Draw a picture of an enzyme and substrate that require allosteric regulation. Include the following: enzyme, active site,
allosteric site, substrate, and activator.
Sketch and label a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer. Label the a channel proteins, a glycoprotein, cholesterol, and
phospholipids. State the role each of these plays in the membrane. Also show the route that H2O, CO2, O2, and glucose take to
enter the cell.
H2O - osmosis [high]  [low]
CO2/O2 - diffusion [high]  [low]
Glucose – can be facilitated diffusion when
moving from [high]  [low] e.g. after you eat
OR active transport through transport
protein when moving from [low]  [high]
What is a buffer? Explain why buffers are important for blood pH.
A buffers is a substance that minimizes changes in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions as needed; neutralization
reactions. Normal pH of blood is between 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic). If blood becomes too basic (alkalosis) or too acidic
(acidosis) it may cause dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, or even death. Therefore, maintaining pH within the normal range is
very important. To maintain blood pH, the blood uses the Carbonic acid-hydrogen carbonate ion buffer system.
7. Draw the monomer for each macromolecule. Circle and name all the functional groups in each monomer.
Monosaccharide – glucose
Fatty Acid
Amino Acid
Nucleotide
8. Complete the following chemical reactions and identify the type of reaction shown.
glucose + fructose —> Sucrose
Reaction Type: Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation
HCl + NaOH —> H2O + NaCl
Triglyceride + H2O —> 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
d)
CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reaction Type: Neutralization
Reaction Type: Hydrolysis
Reaction Type: Redox
Textbook Review Questions:
Page 49 #1-14 (MC), 17, 18, 19, 31, 42, 49, 55
Page 89 #1-15 (MC), 21, 25, 28, 31, 39
Page 100#18, 20, 25, 31, 33, 34, 40, 43, 44, 45, 63, 73
(If you want extra practice, you can can also try the Unit 1 Self-Assessments on Page 104-105)
*** To study try summarizing your notes, organizing notes into summary charts/tables, drawing diagrams, writing
and answering practice questions, studying with a friend. All of these techniques will help you actively think about the
concepts we have covered!