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AP Focus Competition among France, Spain, and Great Britain for North American colonies shape North American affairs. Affairs in Europe affect the North American colonies, see The American Pageant for a list of the wars that, except for the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War in America), spread from Europe to the New World France’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War results in the collapse of its North American empire. A military and political victory for Britain and its American colonists, the war exposes and aggravates longstanding tensions between the mother country and its colonies and between the colonists and the Indians. Edict of Nantes Sparked a new era in Europe and France. Issued by King Henry IV in 1598 The Edict of Nantes granted limited tolerance to the French Protestants. Through this, religious wars ceased, and in the new century France blossomed into the mightiest and most feared nation in Europe. Was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685 King Henry IV France Finds A Foothold in Canada During the 16th Century, the French were distracted from colonizing North America by internal problems and foreign wars. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued, granting toleration to French Protestants. This ended much of the religious wars, which created an opening for the French to focus on expanding their empire. King Louis XIV was very interested in having overseas colonies. Samuel de Champlain lead the founding of an empire in Quebec in 1608. Champlain was called, “Father of New France.” Champlain created a friendly relationship with the Hurons, and later helped them defeat the Iroquois. After some commercial companies failed, New France came under the direct control of the King. This mean no representative assemblies or the right to a trial by jury. The government was mostly autocratic. France in Canada (cont.) New France didn’t have very many immigrants like many of the British colonies did. Huguenots were not allowed to immigrate, and many of the French peasants were too poor to immigrate. The tenant farmers, who did have the means to move, did not have any economic motivation to move. The French government tended to favor their Caribbean island colonies which provided most of the profit because of the sugar and rum. New France fans out • • • • Dispersed in pursuit to secure Beavervaluable to European fashion-setters Recruited Native Indians for the trade; although affected by disease and collided with religious beliefs Annihilated Beaver populations in various places Jesuits, French Catholic misssionaires, tried to convert Indians but got tortured by them instead New France fans out 2 • • • • Antoine Cadillac founded Detriot in order to halt english into the Ohio valley Robert de La Salle founded Louisiana while surveying Spanish penetration, named after Louis XIV Strategically placed posts in Mississippi and Louisiana to block of Spanish and controll access to Mississippi river Established forts and trading posts in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes grew Frances empire Acadians French colonists Settled in the eastern regions of New France and a part of Maine Roman Catholic Deported by the British during the Great Expulsion of 1756-1763 and most settled in Louisiana Now known as the Cajuns. The Acadian Flag The Clash of Empires Early Wars in America with European powers ○ King William’s War, 1689-1697 ○ Queen Anne’s War, 1702-1713 ○ They were between British colonists and the French coureurs de bois, while both tried to get Indian allies. ○ Neither side sent soldiers to fight. ○ Spain allied with France in the second war. ○ Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 These led to ○ War of Jenkins’s Ear ○ King George’s War/The War of Austrian Succession ○ French and Indian War Colonial Disunity • The British government in 1754, began an intercolonial congress to Albany, New York. Only delegates from 7 of the 13 colonies showed up. The immediate purpose of this congress was to keep the scalping knives of the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war. The long-range purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster the common defense against France. • Benjamin Franklin published the most famous cartoon of the colonial era to his Pennsylvania Gazette. It’s broadcast slogan was “Join, or Die.” Franklin was a leading spirit of the Albany Congress. His outstanding contributions, like the cartoon, was a well devised plan for colonial home rule. King William’s War 1688-1697 Also known as The War of the Grand Alliance The War of the League of Augsburg First of 6 colonial wars New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to beat New England expansion into Acadia. The border became the Kennebec River. Ended with the Treaty of Ryswick The War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714 Queen Anne’s War in America Between the Two Crowns and the Grand Alliance. Two Crowns They wanted France and Spain to be united. Grand Alliance Wanted to keep European balance of power. Philip V of Spain and the Duke of Vendôme commanded the FrancoSpanish charge at the Battle of Villaviciosa in 1840. The End of the War of the Spanish Succession The war ended with the treaties of Utrecht, Rastett, and Baden. King Philip renounced the French throne and taking the Spanish throne partially. Spain ceded To Hapsburgs ○ Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia To Duchy of Savoy ○ Sicily To Great Britain ○ Gibraltar and Minorca France kept all former European lands, but lost a lot of territory in Canada. The asiento gave the British the right to slave trading in the Spanish Americas. The War of Jenkins’s Ear It started in 1739 when a Spanish commander cut off a British ship captain’s ear (for smuggling) and told him to bring it to his king. The Spanish seamen did not like the trading rights that the British had just gotten from the Treaty of Utrecht. It was fought mostly in the Caribbean and Georgia where Oglethorpe fought back the Spanish. This then merged with the War of Austrian Succession in Europe and became King George’s War in America. War of Jenkins' Ear After the defeat of the French and Spanish by Britain, peace terms were signed in Utrecht in 1713 between the three countries. By this treaty, the British won limited trading rights in Spanish America. Smuggling soon became popular and the violations of these rights by Britain led to the rise of friction between the two countries. With permission, the Spanish often went aboard English ships to prevent this problem and in one case the captain of the Rebecca ship, Robert Jenkins, was accused of piracy and his ear was cut off. He later presented the ear before Parliament, in which led to great anger and insult, they referred to as “Spanish Depredations upon the British Subjects.” This began a war on the Caribbean and Georgia. It became known throughout the world as King George’s War. Battle between these two countries continued on from 1739 to 1748. King George’s War/War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 Alliance of France and Spain against the British and their allies. The New Englanders invaded New France With British help, they were able to control Louisburg and the St. Lawrence River. Peace Treaty of 1748 Gave Louisburg back to New France The New Englanders were irate about this. Washigton Inaugurates War with France • • • • • • • • • The Ohio Valley was very desired among many different countries. French longed to have ownership of the Ohio Valley because it was their connection to linking their Canadian holdings to the Mississippi Valley. By the 1700’s, west-ward pushing British were determined to fight for the Ohio River Valley, as they were appalled by the land-grabbing French. Ohio Valley was not only wanted for its geographical location, but its fertile soil and large river. By 1749, a group of colonial spectators, who were mainly influential Virginians, had secured 500,000 acres in the Ohio Valley Region. This group of colonial spectators also included the family of George Washington. George Washington, at twenty-one years old, was sent to the Ohio country as a colonel in command of about 150 Virginian men. 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, Washington’s group encountered a small group of French troops, at which time Washington’s men fired the first shots of the “globe-girdling war”. Though the French surrendured after their leader was shot and killed, they recovered shortly after their reinforcements arrived, and seized Washington’s men, causing them to surrender. Fort Duquesne Current day site of Pittsburgh, where the pivotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio. Important to the French to control the Ohio Country In 1754, governor of Virginia sent George Washington, in command of about 150 Virginia militiamen, to Ohio. First attempt to regain control. About forty miles from Fort Duquesne, British encountered small French troop. The Virginians fired the first shots heard all around the globe, killing the French leader. Fort Necessity Fearing an attack from the French, Washington had Fort Necessity constructed. Morning of July 3, 1754 a force of 600 French and 100 Indians from Fort Duquesne attacked Fort Necessity. 10 hours of sporadic fighting continued throughout the day and by eight o’clock a truce was agreed on. July 4, 1754, Washington was forced to surrender his entire command over to the French who permitted them to leave in full honors of war at Fort Necessity. Braddock’s Blundering & Aftermath In 1755, with some 2 thousand men, Braddock set out to capture Fort Duquesne Mostly made up of colonial militiamen (buckskins) who used behind-the-tree methods of fighting Indians A few miles from Fort Duquesne, encountered small French and Indian army, who attacked Braddock’s force, retreating with heavy losses. Indian pursuers, smug by the easy victory, let the whole frontier feel their fury. In result, scalping occurred. Authorities offered bounties for Indian scalps. In 1756, the British launch an invasion of Canada, experiencing defeat after defeat. Edward Braddock An experienced officer during the time leading up to the Seven Years War Braddock was sent to Virginia with British soldiers in 1755 and was persuaded to take aggressive action against the French. He also worked with George Washington during his time in North America. His expedition was one of many against the French. Braddock and about 2,000 men attacked Fort Duquesne in Ohio. Many of Braddock’s men were badly behaved colonial militiamen who were called “buckskins” Pitt’s Palms of Victory William Pitt lead the 1758 expedition against Louisbourg, which became the first significant British victory of the Seven Years War. James Wolfe was a 32 year old officer, picked by Pitt, whose attention to detail helped the British capture Quebec in 1759. Both Wolfe and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, were fatally wounded, but the British defeated the French. Montreal fell in 1760 which lead to the French’s final defeat. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 kicked France out of North America completely, giving Britain the land from Canada to the Mississippi River. The Louisiana Territory was given to Spain and the French were allowed to keep the sugar plantations in the West Indies along with two islands in the St. Lawrence. William Pitt Known as “The Great Commoner.” He drew much of his power from the common people. Pitt was an impressive public speaker and spoke for the Americans, rallying people against the French. He was also called, “Organizer of Victory” after winning many battles against the French. Pitt took the focus off of the West Indies, and on Quebec and Montreal. In 1757 Pitt was the primary leader in the London Government. He started to pick younger leaders who made quick decisions as opposed to the older leaders who were cautious and incompetent. Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War • Started for 2 reasons • • Heated colonial struggles between the French and the British The diplomatic revolution in which France Austria and Russia allied against Purrsia(Germany • Started off in Ohio Valley in 1754 by George Washington • 2 years later it spread globally: America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, and Africa Battle of Quebec 1759 • William Pitt emphasized the importance of gaining the Ohio valley and New France for the British. He assigned general James Wolfe to conquer Quebec and finally put an end to the strong position France maintained in America. • The attack was so extraordinary because Wolfe was able to organize a besiege on the city by ascending over 200 ships into the St. Lawrence without indication. His British forces weren’t large enough to completely surround the city and cut off their supplies, so Wolfe decided to wait out until their supplies dwindled. • On September 13, Wolfe landed a small of soldiers in the middle of the night l’Anse au Foulon, located upstream the city, where he proceeded to be French and from there he was able to gather the rest of his troops for invasion. • Marquis de Montcalm, surprised by these events, decided to send his troops to Beaumont, located down stream from the city, instead of waiting for reinforcement. When they finally came into contact, the battle lasted less than a hour. Wolfe was fatally wounded and Montcalm died the next day. • The capture of Quebec led to the surrender of Montreal in 1760. This victory for the British ended New France. Great Britain thus emerged as the dominant power in North America, while taking it’s place as the leading naval power of the world. Quebec Act • • • • Expanded province to take over Indian reserves including Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, parts of Minnesota, southern Ontario Guaranteed free practice of Catholic faith Restored French civil law but used English common law No longer made reference to Protestant faith Fort Oswego • A group of regulars and Canadian militia • • • under General Montcalm took over Fort Oswego Located near Lake Ontario Notable for showing traditional European siege tactics One of the early French victories Siege of Fort William Henry • • • • French General Louis-Joseph de Montalcm captured British held Fort William Henry Fort is located between New York and Canada Monroe surrendered to Montalcm because large number of indians with the French Terms of surrender were withdrawal from Fort Edwards and protect british from indians when leaving area Final Takeover of Canada Annus Mirabilis of 1759 Year of Miracles for Great Britain Captured Fort Ticonderoga James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec ○ Both commanders died 1760 The British lost the battle of Sainte-Foy outside Quebec City. • • Then won the battle of Restigouche General Pierre Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal surrendered France to Britain Britain assured French inhabitants their freedom of religion, freedom of deportation, right to migrate to France, and equality in fur trade Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War (Cont.) • • • • • In America the war was fought between the French/Indian tribes vs English/Americans/other Indian tribes Main dispute was the Ohio valley region Ultimately led to: France only had island Saint Pierre and Miquelon, French gave everything to the right of the Mississippi river to Spain for compensation of their loss of florida William Pitt said “America was won in Germany” • This was due to the battles in Prussia that Frederick the Great was winning. Made Britain most dominant The End of the War The War in North America ended with the Treaty of Paris signed on February 10, 1763. The War in Europe ended with the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed on February 15, 1763. France decided to keep their Caribbean possessions over their Canadian ones because they were more profitable. They got to keep Martinique and Guadeloupe as well as two small islands in the St. Lawrence River for fishing. This war and the way that it finished ultimately led to the French and American Revolutions. Salutary Neglect •Salutary Neglect was an undocumented British policy that was used to try and keep the American colonies under British control. The wanted to remain in control of who America traded with and keep them from rebelling. Britain tried to use this policy after the Seven Years’ War, where they won new territory in North America at the Peace of Paris conference held in 1763. This policy was used instead of enforcing parliamentary laws in the colonies, but later replaced by acts to regulate control, such as the Stamp Act and Quebec Act. •Salutary Neglect was a major contributing factor to the rebellion of the American colonies in the first American Revolutionary War. After being given the opportunity to govern themselves because the lack of involvement of imperial authority, the colonies favored the idea of selfcontrol. The majority of people disliked being controlled by Britain and not being able to succeed with the freedom of will. They considered themselves a separate people from Britain with their own distinctiveness. Tensions arose and the American people took the initiative to revolt, because they knew that they could defeat the British with help from the French. Restless Colonists • • • • • • Conflict had risen between Americans and British officers Considered Militia very low; refused to recognize any american above captain Traded with enemy ports Eventually British forbade the exports from middle colonies and New England Other colonists were distanced from war and didn't contribute to the war Created unity in the colonies War's Fateful Aftermath As the French were removed from the Canadian area, and no longer had the authority to oversee the American colonies, the colonies then had freedom to branch out further into the western territory, instead of clinging close to Britan. The history of the United States essentially was due to the events in which Quebec and Montreal fell. Though Spain was eliminated from FL at this point in time, it was still entrenched in Louisiana and New Orleans, and still possessed much of western North America. As for the Native Americans, they endured a hard blow which was the product of not only the Treaty of Paris, which mainly harmed the Iroquois and the Creeks, but also suffered from the loss of French and Spanish inhabitants. This hindered their ability to turn European powers against one another. Ottowatta chief Pontiac led a revolt in 1763 which overran all but 3 of the British posts in the Ohio Valley Area. This led to harsh, primitive tactics by the British; one of which included sending blankets to the Native Americans, that were infected with Small Pox. Out of no where, the Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the London government. Chief Pontiac • • • • Famous for his role in the Pontiac's rebellion in 1763. Chief of the Ottawa tribe who led several indians tribes and french trades to revolt against Britishers out of the Ohio valley Eventually brought down by British and cruel methods Killed in 1796 by a Chieftain Proclamation of 1763 Issued by the government of London, it strictly prohibited the settlement of colonists beyond the Appalachians. It was not intended to particularly oppress the exploration of American colonists, but was more-so intended to improve relations between the Native Americans and the American Colonists, as well as avoid another bloody massacre, like the uprising led by Pontiac. In reaction to the proclamation, settlers flooded the paths leading westward, outraged and in utter defiance.