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The French &
Indian War
The Ohio River Valley
• By the 1740s, both French
and English traders had
begun entering the Ohio
River Valley, leading to rival
claims to the region
• This led both sides to begin
building forts to protect
their claims
George Washington
• After the French seized
an English fort in
western Pennsylvania,
Virginia governor
Robert Dinwiddie
ordered a young
Virginia militia officer
named George
Washington to raise a
force and retake the
fort
Fort Necessity
• In 1754, the 22-year-old
Washington’s troops
engaged the French in
battle, but were forced to
retreat and build their own
temporary defensive
position at Ft. Necessity
• Eventually, Washington
was forced to surrender to
the French, leaving them in
control of the Ohio River
Valley
The Albany Conference
• Representatives from 7
English colonies tried to
convince the Iroquois
tribe, who controlled
western New York, to ally
themselves with England
against France
The Albany Plan of Union
• The representatives who
met for the Albany
Conference agreed to ask
Britain to unite all colonial
forces under one
commanding officer
• They also drafted an idea
known as the Albany Plan of
Union, which proposed that
the colonies unite and form
their own federal
government, but the idea
was ultimately rejected
Gen. Edward Braddock
• In 1755, the British sent
General Edward
Braddock and 1500
British soldiers to
command the defense
of the Colonies
• Braddock appointed
Washington as his top
aide and marched out
to retake Ft. Duquesne
Braddock’s Expedition
• Braddock’s army was
ambushed by the
French and their Indian
allies
• Braddock was killed in
the fighting and only
Washington’s calm
command allowed the
British and Colonial
forces to escape and
retreat
Indian Skirmishes
• With the English defeat,
many of the Indian tribes
grew bolder and began
attacking settlers along
the Appalachian frontier
• For the next two years
the English, French, and
Indians raided each other
along the frontier and the
Ohio River Valley
The Seven Years’ War
• By 1756, the fighting
between the English and
French had spread to an
all out world war – the
two enemies weren’t just
fighting in North America,
but also in Europe, Africa,
and India
• Some Historians call this
the First World War
French Lose Support
• The powerful British Navy
gained control of the
Atlantic, cutting off French
supplies and
reinforcements to North
America
• Additionally, the Iroquois
began to put pressure on
other Native American
tribes to end their support
for the French, leaving the
French badly outnumbered
and ill-supplied
Forbes Expedition
• In 1758, English General
John Forbes successfully
pushed the French out
of Ft. Duquesne and
rebuilt it as Ft. Pitt (now
Pittsburgh)
• The French were forced
to retreat back into
Canada
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
• In 1759, English General
James Wolfe moved his
forces up the St. Lawrence
River and attacked the city
of Quebec
• The English won the battle
(although Wolfe was
killed), effectively ending
the major fighting of the
North American theater of
the war
• Final major battle of the
war
The Spanish Disaster
• In 1761, Spain entered
the war in support of
France, but the English
dominated the Spanish,
seizing their colonies of
the Philippines (in East
Asia) and Cuba (in the
Caribbean)
• By 1763, France and Spain
sued for an end to the
war
The Treaty of Paris (1763)
• Formally ended the Seven
Years’ War (and it’s North
American component, the
French & Indian War)
between England and
France
• The treaty would result in
a major redrawing of the
map of North America
and cement England as
the premiere world
power
The Redrawing of a Continent
• England gained control of
and all French
claims east of the Mississippi
River from France and control of
Florida from Spain
• Spain was given the port of
New Orleans and all
French claims west of the
Mississippi River by France as an
apology for getting Spain
involved
• England returned Cuba and the
Philippines to Spanish control
• France was left with only a few
sugar producing islands in the
Caribbean from what had once
been a huge North American
empire
Canada
An Expensive War
• War is expensive!!!!!
• The British government
had taken on enormous
debts to fund the war and
support quickly grew in
Parliament for making the
Colonies pay at least a
part of the cost of their
defense