Download THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

Motives for Exploration
• Need a route by ___________ to Asia (India and China)
– Why?
• __________________ for European exploration:
– __________ – spread their faith to new lands
– ________________ – want fame and adventure
– _____________ – search for wealth
• Able to expand due to new __________________________:
– Better ships and cartography (________________________)
– New technologies from the Arabs, such as the _____________________ and astrolabe
Portugal Takes the Lead
• Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale ___________________ of exploration
• In 1420 Prince Henry the _____________________ sponsors expeditions to sail along the western coast of
__________________
– His ultimate goal was to find a ______________ route around Africa to ______________
– Portuguese sailors learned that both _________ & ______________ were available on Africa’s west coast
• Bartholomeu ____________ was the first European to sail around the tip of ________________ looking for a
route to India in 1488
• Vasco ________________________ set out for India in 1497 and ten months later he became the first European
to reach _________________ by sea
– Brings back a cargo of _____________, makes a profit of several _________________ percent
• The Portuguese were interested in setting up __________________ centers, not interested in conquering
– They took the spice trade from the ______________________ by force
– Had the advantage since they put _____________________ on their ships
Spain Sails West
• While the Portuguese sailed ________ to reach the source of the spice trade, the Spanish sailed _______
• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain financed Christopher ____________________ to sail west to reach
_______________ in 1492
– Columbus thinks that the circumference of the world is not as large as others thought it was
– Reaches _________ in 1492, but thinks he is in _____________, on islands known as the Indies
– Sails a total of four missions – explores many ______________________ islands and Honduras, which he
names the ______________ and calls the people __________________
– The Spanish call Columbus a ______________ since they think he has found a new route to Asia
• In 1502 Amerigo _____________________ sailed along the coast of _______________ America and he finally
realized that this wasn’t Asia, but a new land
– It is later named _____________________ in his honor and the Spanish set out to explore it
• Vasco Nunez de _________________ led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and became the first
European to view the ___________________ Ocean
• Ferdinand _______________ decided to sail west around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men
– Magellan was killed in a fight in the Philippines against the native people but his men continued on
– In 1522 _____ survivors from Magellan’s expedition arrived back in Spain, the first people to ever
______________________________ the world
• Treaty of ______________________ – signed by both Spain and Portugal in 1494 that gives a line of demarcation
_______________________ their new territories
– The treaty gives an _____________________ north-to-south line through the Atlantic Ocean and the
easternmost part of South America
• Everything west of this line went to ______________ and Portugal got everything _________ of
the line
1
Other Explorers
• Henry ________________ explored parts of eastern America and had a river and a bay named after him
• Jacques ________________ sailed past the island of Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence river
– He claimed all the land along the river as the province of New France (___________________)
The Spanish Empire
• The Spanish don’t just settle for a trading empire, they are going to _________________ and colonize
• ________________________ = Spanish conquerors of the Americas
– Had incredible success due to ____________, horses, and ___________________
– Hernan _________________ arrived with 600 men to take on the _________________ empire
– Ten years later Francisco ________________ arrives with 200 men to take on the ______ empire
• Pizarro took the new Inca emperor prisoner and killed him although they received lots of gold for
ransom
– By 1550 Spain controlled northern __________________ and the western part of South America
• Catholic ______________________________ convert and baptize hundreds of thousands of natives
• Drop in ______________________ among the Native Americans caused by forced labor, starvation, and disease
– European ____________________ caused much death to the native populations who lacked
________________________ to such diseases, such as smallpox
– Haiti went from a population of 100,000 when Columbus arrived to only _______ by 1570
– Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to ______ million
– The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to _____ million by 1600
Other Colonies
• Portugal colonized _____________________
• France established several colonies in New _________________ or Canada
– The French also did not _________________ Native Americans, in fact many traders ______________
Native American women
– Samuel de _________________ founded the city of ____________________
– Rene-Robert La Salle claimed the enormous _______________________ region for France and named it
___________________________ in honor of Louis XIV
• The Dutch established New Netherlands and bought the island of _______________________ from Native
Americans, founding the city of New ___________________________
– The Dutch were more interested in the spice trade and they eventually lost New Netherlands to the
_______________, who renamed it _______________
• The first English colony established was the settlement of ______________________ in Virginia
– The English soon established the __________________ colonies
The Columbian Exchange and Economic Concepts
• The Columbian Exchange = global ___________________ that happened when large-scale contact between
European and American societies led to the widespread exchange of _______________, ____________________,
and _________________
– Plants such as _________________ and tomatoes were introduced into Europe, while animals such as
___________________ and pigs were introduced into the Americas
• _________________ = a settlement of people living in a new _____________________, linked with the parent
country by trade and direct gov’t _____________________
– Played a role in the theory of _____________________________
• Mercantilism is an economic theory that the ________________________of a nation depends on a large supply
of ______________ and silver
– A nation’s strength depended on its __________________, which was measured by the amount of gold
and silver it possessed
2
–
Mercantilists believed that there was a _____________ amount of wealth in the world – had to take
wealth and power away from other _____________________
– Could build wealth in two ways:
• ____________________ gold and silver from mines
• Have a favorable ______________________________________
– Balance of trade = the difference in value between what a nation _________________ and
____________________ over time
• Favorable = _________________ more than __________________
– Place high __________________ (taxes) on imported goods
• Establishing _____________ was also essential to the mercantilist system since colonies were useful as:
– Sources of raw _________________ for the parent country
– __________________ for finished goods from the parent country
– In the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to ___________________ the home country
• Capitalism = economic system in which most economic activity is carried on by private _____________ or
organizations in order to seek a __________________
• Joint-stock companies = investors pooled their money to ______________ business ventures in which investors
bought _________________ of stock in the company
– Idea of shared __________________
– Each shareholder receives a ______________ of the profit based on the number of shares owned
– In 1607 the Virginia Company of London established _______________________
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Colonization greatly increased the _________________ trade
• Plantations = large _________________________ estates
– __________________ of labor in the Americas due to the death of millions of Native Americans
• ______________________ Trade = pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Europe
America
Africa
Middle Passage
•
•
•
•
Middle Passage = journey of slaves from Africa to the ______________________, usually lasted three to six
weeks
– Horrible ______________________ and high death rate – ________% did not survive
Number of slaves imported
– 16th century – ________________
– 17th century – over __________________________
– 18th century – ____________ million
Sources of slaves – _____________________
– Prisoners of _____________ prior to the arrival of Europeans
– Local ______________________ at slave markets on coast – exchange slaves for gold and guns
– Some Europeans organized slave ____________________
Effects of the slave trade
– Separated __________________________
– ________________________ in some areas
– ____________________ men and women taken, the future leaders of the villages
– Increased __________________________
3