Download Renaissance and Reformation FIB Notes

The Renaissance & Reformation
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An Era of Awakening
o The Renaissance – “___________________” – A philosophical and artistic movement that
began in ___________________.
 Renewed interest in ancient Greek & Roman _______________________ and life.
o Medieval scholars wanted to bring everything they learned into harmony with
______________________________________________.
o Emphasis on the power of ________________________________________________.
o Many advanced made in _________________ and _______________________.
Causes of the Renaissance
o Remains of the Roman Empire reminded people of the ___________________________ of the
Romans.
o Trade with _________________________________ helped Italians learn about Arab & African
achievements in _____________________ and _________________________.
o Leaders such as Lorenzo Medici and Islabella d’Este supported the _______________.
Study of the Humanities
o In the 1300’s Italian scholars used classical Greek and Roman literature to study
_____________________, ___________________, _______________________, and
_________________________ (using language to communicate effectively).
 These subjects are called the ________________________.
Renaissance Writers
o Francesco Petrarch – (1304 to 1374) – became a famous __________________,
___________________, and __________________.
 Wrote a series of poems to Laura, an imaginary ideal women.
 These poems are considered some of the greatest _______________________________
in history.
o Niccolo Machiavelli – (1469 to 1527) – a famous diplomat and historian.
 Famous for his essay, _________________________.
 The essay was about how to __________________________________ actually worked.
o Desiderius Erasmus – (1466 to 1536) – most influential _______________________ of northern
Europe.
 Humanist – ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 Most famous book is ______________________________ which criticized ignorance,
superstition, and addiction among Christians.
o Dante – (1265 to 1321) – famous Italian ________________.
 Wrote ___________________________ which is considered his greatest work of
literature.
 The Divine Comedy includes 3 parts – ______________________, __________________,
_________________________ – describes the 3 places a Christian soul might go after
death.
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Renaissance Art
o Some of the world’s greatest ___________________________________ were created during
the Renaissance.
o Renaissance painters used a technique called _________________________ to make painting
more lifelike.
 Painted objects in the background of the painting smaller to give the canvas an illusion
of depth.
o Leonardo Da Vinci
 One of the most famous men from the Renaissance.
 He was _____________________________ – Architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and
scientist.
 Considered the “______________________________________” because he was
talented in almost everything.
 Famous works include the ___________________, ______________________________
o Michelangelo
 Famous Renaissance painter
 Painted the ceiling of the _________________________ of the Vatican.
The Reformation
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Catholicism in the 1400s
o Roman Catholic Church – ______________________, ______________________, and worldly.
o People were concerned over the _______________________________________.
Dissatisfaction
Financing Basilica
•
________________
corruption
•
___________________
___________________
•
___________________
•
People lose respect for
_____________,
___________, and
___________.
•
Heavy __________
imposed by the church
cause unhappiness in
Church members
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What Caused the Reformation?
o __________________ of the Roman Catholic Church
 Humanists believed that the Church was more interested in ______________________
than _______________________.
 Many believed the pope acted as a __________________________________ instead of
a moral leader.
 Priests engaged in ___________________________ instead of moral behavior.
o People called for a change in the ways of the church, but they were ignored.
 After they were ignored the humanists encouraged them to _____________________
from the Church and meet with people who shared their same beliefs.
Early Reformers
o John Wycliffe
 Believed church should give up its worldly possessions.
 The church was angry about his position on this issue.
 Removed him from position as teacher in the Church.
o Jan Hus
 Preached against __________________________ and _______________________ in
the Church.
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•
Needed money for St.
Peter’s Basilica
(__________________
___________________)
•
Pope Leo X approved the
sale of
____________________ –
paying for forgiveness of
sins
Working Off Sins
•
Catholics believed that the
dead went to
___________________
and worked off the sins
they committed
•
Church said that buying
indulgences reduced the
___________________
___________________ in
purgatory.
•
Widely criticized
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 _____________________________________ by Pope Gregory XII
 Later arrested, tried for heresy, and __________________________________________.
o These two men openly criticized the ____________________.
o Their criticisms led to discussion among Church members that eventually started the
__________________________________.
Martin Luther
o Wrote __________________________________
 Said that ________________________________________ was sinful and that
indulgences would not forgive _________________.
 Criticized the power of the ___________________ and the growing _______________
of the Church.
o Nailed the theses to the doors of the church so that people would read them as they came to
the church.
o Published the theses and distributed them across ___________________.
o Causes an increase in the _______________________________________.
o Marks the beginning of the __________________________________________.
Reactions to Martin Luther
Church’s
Response
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1520 – _______
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
1521 – Luther
summoned to
appear before
the __________
_____________
_____________
, Charles V.
German Diet
•
•
Luther appears
before the
emperor and the
_____________
_____________
in the city of
Worms
Refused to
change his
_____________
on the church
Edict of Worms
•
Emperor hands
down the
______________
______________
•
Declared Luther
to be an
______________
•
Condemned his
_____________
•
But Luther’s ideas
continue to
spread
Protestant
•
Charles V tried to
suppress Luther’s
teachings, but
people had already
begun to follow
them.
•
Followers were
called
______________
•
______________
______________
had decided to
follow Luther and
protested the
suppression of their
beliefs – this is
where the term
________________
comes from.
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John Calvin
o Important Protestant __________________
o Supported ___________________
o Preached “__________________________” –
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 ____________ guides the life of those destined to be saved.
 Nothing you do will _______________ your predestination.
o Believed that people are ________________ by nature.
 __________________________ to regulate behavior.
 Wanted to make ______________________ good for those who had been chosen for
_______________________.
The Spread of Protestantism
o Luther’s stand against the Church opened the door for others to disagree with Church
teachings.
o People expressed different ideas on ________________________________________________.
o Lutheranism rose in ____________________ and different religious ideas began across Europe.
Henry VIII
o King of ______________________ in 1509 and a devout ____________________.
o His wife Catherine had only given him a daughter and he wanted a son to inherit the throne.
o Decided to have his marriage ___________________ – made void; cancelled.
 The pope would not agree to this.
o Henry VIII ___________________________ from the Catholic Church and created the
__________________________________________(Anglican Church) – the ____________ was
the head of the Church.
o Henry VIII divorced Catherine and married a total of 6 times.
Bloody Mary
o Henry VII did eventually father a son, Edward.
o Edward took the throne in _______________, but died shortly after.
o His sister __________________ took the throne and returned power to the ____________.
o Had many Protestants burned at the stake for _________________.
 Earned her the title of _________________________
Elizabeth I
o When Mary died her half-sister Elizabeth becomes the ___________________.
o Elizabeth was a _____________________
o 1559 she drafted the ___________________________________ which caused England to
____________ from the Catholic Church for a second time.
o Catholics tried to have one of their people placed in the position of Queen, but were
unsuccessful.
o Elizabeth ___________________________ the Catholics and secured the Church of England.
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The Counter Reformation
o 1530s – Catholics start a major reform effort known as the
___________________________________________________________.
o Began as an attempt to return the Church to an emphasis on ___________________________.
o Also a campaign to _________________________________ of Protestantism.
o The pope used _______________________ to put heretics on trial and impose harsh
punishments.
o Created __________________________________________________.
 Since Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press _____________________ had
increased and people were reading books that exposed them to _____________ that
differed from the Church.
 Anyone caught reading a forbidden book was accused of __________________ & the
books were _____________________.
The Council of Trent
o The pope knew the attacks on Protestantism would fail if Catholic ______________________
were not clearly defined.
o 1545 Pope Paul III summoned ____________________________ to a meeting to define the
Church doctrine.
o This meeting became known as the __________________________________.
 Ended the sale of ___________________________
 Tightened ______________________ within the clergy
 Claimed that salvation came from ____________________________ and participation
in Church __________________________
 Said that people must depend on _________________________ because God only
granted forgiveness through the _______________________
 Stressed that every person had __________________________ – no predestination!
The Jesuits
o During the Counter Reformation many Catholic religious orders reformed their rules, and new
religious orders formed.
o One new group were the __________________, or Society of Jesus.
o Believed that salvation could be achieved by doing _____________________________.
 Followers took vow of _____________________, ______________________, and
______________________ to the pope.
 Organized like a _________________________ and became the most effective agents in
spreading Catholicism throughout ____________________ and parts of ____________.
 Combined humanist _________________________ values with _________________
doctrines to produced educated & faithful Church members.
Results of the Counter Reformation
o Appearance of many different churches in Europe – __________________________________
o Strong interest in _________________________ – many universities built; literacy increased.
o Increased power of the ___________________ government.
o Decreased ________________ of the pope.