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Chapter 17 THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION ITALY BIRTHPLACE OF THE RENAISSANCE Renaissance – “rebirth”, in context… the revival of art and learning from classical Greek and Roman culture. Medici Family – banking family that ruled Florence, Italy during much of the Renaissance. They allowed for art and education to flourish during their reign and helped to spread the Renaissance across Europe. RENAISSANCE Humanism – intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements. Secular – worldly rather than spiritual. Patrons – financial supporters of a business or cause. Perspective – three dimensions on a flat surface (height, width, and depth), uses a vanishing point to show depth. Vernacular – using ones native language, rather than Latin or a common language. HUMANISTS Influenced artists and architects to carry on classical Greek and Roman values. Popularized classical education subjects like, history, literature, and philosophy. These are referred to as the “Humanities”. SECULAR SPIRIT The Renaissance was not a church event, it was a social event in the spirit of worldly ideas and what people could get out of life right now, rather than planning for salvation. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ME A RENAISSANCE MAN OR WOMAN? Renaissance Man – a man who is highly educated, creates art, excels in many areas of study, dances, sings, plays music, and writes poetry. As well as a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. Renaissance Woman – expected to know the classics (educated) and be charming as well as inspire art from men (were not expected to make their own art). THE ART OF NINJA TURTLES, OR REAL RENAISSANCE ARTISTS!!! Michelangelo Buonarroti – sculptor, painter, poet, and architect. Most famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture “David” (the nude one). Donatello – made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that revealed personality. Most famous for sculpture of “David” (not the nude). Leonardo da Vinci – painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. Is the best example of a “renaissance man”. Painted the Mona Lisa and sketched a very early helicopter called an ornithopter. Raphael Sanzio – created large murals on Pope Julius II’s library; also used perspective in many of his other works. IDEAS OF MACHIAVELLI Machiavelli tried to understand the imperfect conduct of human beings. Wrote “The Prince”, which explained how rulers can get power and keep it in spite of their enemies. Believed that all people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. STUDY GUIDE BUILDER: KEY TERMS & NAMES Renaissance Humanism Secular Patron Perspective Vernacular Machiavelli Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo, Raphael THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Renaissance ideas spread from Italy northward into Northern Europe. Flanders, Belgium becomes the artistic center for Northern Europe. Absolute Monarchs in Northern Europe also decide to embrace the arts. CHRISTIAN HUMANISTS Critics of the Christian Church’s failure to inspire people to live a Christian life inspired the Christian humanist movement Education was of particular importance Promoted education of women Best known Christian humanists- Desiderius Erasmus (Holland) and Thomas Moore (England) UTOPIA A Christian humanist by the name of Thomas More wrote a book called “Utopia”, which meant “no place” in Greek. Utopia in English became known as the place in which More wrote about in this book, or an ideal place. THE ELIZABETHAN AGE As the Renaissance spread to England in the mid 1500’s, it was dubbed; “The Elizabethan Age” after Queen Elizabeth I. William Shakespeare –greatest playwright of all time. Had a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings. JOHANN GUTENBURG Johann Gutenburg - improves Chinese printing methods of the time with the Printing Press. The printing press was 500 times quicker than having a copyist hand copy a book. The mass printing of The Bible helped the people of Europe educate themselves in the way of theology. LEGACY OF THE RENAISSANCE A period of great artistic and social change Marked a break with the medieval-period ideals focused around the Church Belief in the dignity of the individual plays a key role in the rise of democratic ideas Impact of movable-type printing- ENORMOUS Changes in arts and society (page 485) PEOPLE BEGAN TO QUESTION POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES STUDY GUIDE BUILDER: KEY TERMS & NAMES Christian Humanists Thomas Moore (Utopia) Elizabethan Age William Shakespeare Johann Gutenburg THE REFORMATION CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION Renaissance values of Humanism and secularism led people to question the Church. Printing Press helped to spread ideas that were critical of the Church. Many monarchs viewed the Pope as a foreign ruler that challenged their power. CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION (CONT.) Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. Many people found practices like the sale of indulgences unacceptable. EARLY CALLS FOR REFORM John Wycliffe and Jan Has both argued that the Bible had more religious authority than Church leaders in the late 1300’s. Humanist authors like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More added dissenting opinions about the Church. LUTHER CHALLENGES THE CHURCH Martin Luther was a monk and a teacher in the Catholic Church. Luther’s intentions was to correct problems within the church, not to start a religious revolution. Posting of the 95 Theses 95 THESES 95 Theses - 95 formal statements attacking the practice of selling indulgences and other church practices. He called priests that sold indulgences, “pardonmerchants” He posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenburg, Germany Someone quickly took Luther’s words and took them to a printer RESULTS OF THESES Luther’s name becomes synonymous with the Reformation, which was a movement for religious reform. Reformation leads to the founding of Christian Church’s that did not recognize the Pope’s authority, also known as Protestant Churches. MORE MARTIN LUTHER After a while Luther embraced the idea of a revolution of the Church. His reform ideas rested on 3 main principles: People could only win salvation through faith and God’s gift of forgiveness. All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. All people of faith were equal, and did not need someone to interpret the Bible for them. PUSHBACK FROM CHURCH OFFICIALS Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he recants (takes back) his statements. Luther responds by burning Leo X’s likeness, and is excommunicated as a result. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V calls Luther to the town of Worms and tells Luther to recant his statements, Luther refuses. The Edict of Worms - proclaims Martin Luther as a heretic and makes it illegal to house Luther or give him food. LUTHER’S IDEAS ARE PUT TO TASK A new church organization is formed named the Lutheran Church for Martin Luther and his religious followers. Protestant Churches or Churches that were loyal to Luther and were protesting an agreement between European Monarchs to remain loyal to the Pope. ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT Henry VIII – Catholic King of England during the early to mid 1500’s. Need for a male heir Henry VIII’s first wife Catherine of Aragon only gave him a daughter and Catherine being 42 Henry gave up on her being able to produce a male child, so he decided to annul their marriage and marry a younger woman. POPE’S REACTION TO HENRY’S REQUEST Henry’s request for a marriage annulment was denied by the Pope. The Pope did not want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Henry asks Parliament to pass a set of laws that ended the Pope’s power in England. HENRY VIII (CONT.) Parliament officially ends its relationship with the Pope under the Act of Supremacy, this allowed Henry to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In 1533 Henry secretly marries a younger woman, Anne Boleyn who was in her 20’s. Anne Boleyn also cannot produce Henry a male heir and is eventually charged with treason and beheaded. HENRY’S 3RD WIFE Henry’s third marriage is to a woman named Jane Seymour. Seymour gives Henry a male heir by the name of Edward VI and she dies two weeks later. Henry marries 3 more times, none of which produce any more children. HENRY’S 3 CHILDREN TAKE TURNS Edward VI – Protestant Church remains strong as Edward rules for 6 years before resigning. He was still a boy when he resigned, he was 16. Mary I – daughter of Catherine of Aragon, restores Catholic Church to England, then dies in 1558. Elizabeth I – daughter of Anne Boylen, restores Protestant Church, and establishes the Church of England (an Anglican Church). STUDY GUIDE BUILDER: KEY TERMS & NAMES Indulgence Reformation Lutheran Protestant Anglican Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon -> Mary I Anne Boleyn -> Elizabeth I Jane Seymour -> Edward VI THE REFORMATION CONTINUES CALVINISM John Calvin believed that men and women were sinful by nature. Believed that God chose a few “elect” people to save and that God knew who these people were since the beginning of time. This was called Predestination. The religion based on John Calvin’s teachings became known as Calvinism. JOHN CALVIN Calvin believed the ideal government was a theocracy Theocracy – government controlled by religious leaders. Geneva, Switzerland asks Calvin to rule their self governing city. Calvin and his followers enact strict rules JOHN KNOX A Scottish preacher by the name of John Knox visits Geneva and witnesses the strict rules under John Calvin. Knox’s followers become known as Presbyterians from the word “presbyters” or the group of laymen that governed community churches in Scotland. CALVINISM SPREADS Swiss, Dutch, and French (Huguenots) reformers adopted Calvinism Violence in France between Catholics and Huguenots Many Protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvin ANABAPTISTS Anabaptists is a group that decided that only adults that decided to be Christian should be Baptized. Children that were Baptized at birth could chose to be “baptized again” in Greek Anabaptists. COUNTER REFORMATION In response to all of the members the Catholic church lost to these new denominations, they decided to have a Counter Reformation. This Catholic Counter Reformation was led by Ignatius of Loyola. Ignatius’ followers were known as Jesuits short for the Society of Jesus. The Counter Reformation was an attempt to correct the practices of the old Catholic Church and win back followers. 2 POPES ATTEMPT TO REFORM- PAUL III Paul III Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church Approved the Jesuit order Used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory Called the Council of Trent COUNCIL OF TRENT Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final Christians needed faith AND good works for salvation. The Bible and Church tradition were equally important. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but false selling of indulgences was banned. 2 POPES ATTEMPT TO REFORM- PAUL IV Paul IV Vigorously carried out the Council’s decrees “Index of Forbidden Books”- a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith- burned across Europe In Venice alone 10,000 books were burned in one day LEAGACY OF THE REFORMATION Religious and Social Effects Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed Roman Catholic Church more unified More emphasis on education Political Effects Individual monarchs and states gain power- leading to development of modern nation-states Questioning of beliefs and authority lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment and later revolutions STUDY GUIDE BUILDER: KEY TERMS & NAMES Calvinism John Calvin Predestination John Knox Presbyterian Anabaptists Counter Reformation/Catholic Reformation Jesuits Council of Trent
