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Epigenetics: Biologic targets, Biomarkers and role in disease Epigenetics refers to the heritable changes in gene expression which are not associated with sequence changes. While genetic differences explain variation between species, and to some extent, the variation between individuals of each species, epigenetic variation accounts for the vast differences in function and appearance of tissues in each multicellular organism. Epigenetic regulation includes chromatin organization and modification of histone tails to provide a “code” for the expression or silencing of genes during differentiation. These states, unlike genetic alterations, are potentially reversible, and thus, epigenetic programing is a target for modulation. Specific epigenetic changes may be marks for normal phenotypes (stem cells vs. committed lineages), and may be used to define the differentiation of cellular state. Epigenetic alterations are associated with disease states, and in the case of aging and cancer, may be causally involved. The specific epigenetic alterations which are found in an individual tumor may define that tumor’s phenotype for prognosis and for sensitivity to specific therapies.