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A C o n c i s e H i s t o r y o f R e n n e s - l e - C h â t e a u I Romans in southern gaul Summary The Celts settle in Gaul around 1000 BC. The Romans conquer Southern Gaul in 154 BC. They annex it to the Empire in 118 BC. The Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis is instituted in 13 BC. The names "Pagus Redensi" and "Rhedae" stem from "Redones", a Gallic tribe which had settled in the valleys of the river Aude. 300 The Romans land at Massilia2 in 154 BC and conquer Southern Gaul. They annex it to the Empire in 118 BC, then unite it with Northern Gaul after Julius Caesar's conquest in 51 BC. Emperor Augustus divides Gaul into 4 provinces: Galliae Belgica, Lugdunensis, Aquitania and Narbonensis, the latter with Narbo Martius3 as civitas4 and main Roman port on the Mediterranean. 154-51 BC Southern Gaul becomes a desired retirement destination for thousands of settlers originating from the conquered territories, among which numerous foreign veterans who had joined the Roman legions. NOTE Rennes-les-Bains was already a spa resort in Roman times: ruins of thermal baths have been discovered there since the 18th c. 313-330 380 2 3 4 5 6 7 Atax meaning Aude in latin. Marseilles. Narbonne. County town. Land of the Redones. Rennes, later Rennes-le-Château. The medieval fiefdom of which Rhedae became the county seat. Through the Edict of Milan in 313, emperor Constantine I declares freedom of religion throughout the Empire. From 324 to 330, he rebuilds the ancient greek city of Byzantium as a second imperial capital and renames it Constantinople.10 Christianism becomes state religion under Emperor Theodosius. In Roman Gaul, the administrative hierarchy instituted under Diocletian falls apart with Christianism becoming official. From now on, christian clerics exercise both civil and religious authority and the diocese, headed by an archbishop, becomes the basic territorial jurisdiction. NOTE This type of administration will prevail in the southern provinces until Charles the Bald establishes the hereditary system of fiefs through the Quierzy Capitulary in 877. 395 At the death of Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is split into Western and Eastern Empires, with Rome and Constantinople as respective capitals. Theodosius' son Flavius Honorius (384-423) becomes the first Western Roman Emperor. 402 Flavius Honorius leaves Rome and moves his capital to Ravenna.11 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Gallia Narbonensis Prima (civitas Narbonne) and Gallia Narbonensis Secunda (civitas Aix) include roughly today's départements of Bouchesdu-Rhône, Gard, Lozère, Hérault and Aude; the three Galliae Aquitaniae (civitates Bourges, Bordeaux and Eauze) include today's régions of Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées, Poitou-Charentes, Limousin and Auvergne as well as the areas of Pays de la Loire and Centre south of the river Loire. ! See map 1 Gallia Narbonensis includes the Pagus Redensis5 from which stem the place names Rhedae6, Rhedesium and later Razès.7 13 BC Emperor Diocletian re-organises Gaul in 17 provinces. In Southern Gaul, there are now 2 Galliae Narbonensis and 3 Galliae Aquitania, under the authority of praesides8 and duces.9 The Celts settle in Occidental Europe. Gaul derives from Galates, the name by which the Celts are called by the Greeks, who already have trading posts around the Mediterranean. The Volques, a tribe originating from Gallia Belgica (same etymology), settle in lower Languedoc. The Redones settle in the mid- and high valleys of the river Aude, the areas around Peyrepertuse and Fenouillet and in the country of Sault. The Romans call them collectively Atacians.1 L a n g u e d o c ROMAN SHIELD NOTE 1000-400 BC i n !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8 9 10 11 Civil administrators. Military governors. Today's Istambul. Situated in the Italian province of Emilia-Romagna. Page 3