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Chapter 22 Vocabulary Insanity: means not knowing the difference between right and wrong Mental Disorder: a prolonged or recurring problem that seriously interferes with an individual’s ability to live a satisfying personal life and function adequately in society Phobia: an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, excessive, and irrational fear that is out of all proportion to the danger elicited by the object or situation Medical model approach: mental disorders involve genetic, physiological, or neurological factors that cause symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated. Similar to doctors using drugs to treat physical diseases, psychiatrists use psychoactive drugs to treat mental disorders Cognitive-behavioral approach: emphasizes that mental disorders result from deficits in cognitive processes, such as thoughts and beliefs, and from behavioral problems, such as deficits in skills and abilities Psychodynamic or psychoanalytic approach: focuses on unconscious or repressed conflicts underlying mental disorders Statistical frequency approach: says that a behavior may be considered abnormal if it occurs rarely or infrequently in relation to the behaviors of the general population Social norms approach: says that a behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates greatly from accepted social standards, values, or norms Maladaptive behavior approach: a behavior as psychologically damaging or abnormal if it interferes with the individual’s ability to function in one’s personal life or in society Clinical assessment: A systematic evaluation of an individual’s various psychological, biological, and social factors, as well as identifying past and present problems, stressors, and other cognitive or behavioral symptoms Clinical interview: a method of gathering information about a person’s past and current behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, emotions, and problems. Some are unstructured, while others are structured. Personality tests: Includes two different types of tests: objective tests, such as MMPI, which consists of specific statements or questions to which the person responds with specific answers, and projective test’s, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, which have no set answers but consist of ambiguous stimuli that a person interprets or makes up a story about Clinical diagnosis: a process of matching an individual’s specific symptoms to those that define a particular mental disorder Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-Test Revision (DSM-IVTR): a uniform system for assessing specific symptoms and matching them to almost 300 different mental disorders Labeling: identifying and naming differences among individuals, the label, which places individuals into specific categories, may have either positive or negative associations. Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by excessive or unrealistic worry about almost everything or feeling that something bad is about to happen. These anxious feelings occur on a majority of days for a period of at least six months Panic disorder: recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. Plus, the person is so worried about having another panic attack that this intense worrying interferes with normal psychological functioning Panic attack: a period of intense fear or discomfort in which four or more of the following symptoms are present: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, feelings of choking, chest pain, nausea, feeling dizzy, and fear of losing control or dying Phobia: an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear that is out of all proportion to the possible danger of the object or situation. Because of this intense fear, which is accompanied by increased physiological arousal, a person goes to great lengths to avoid the feared event. If the feared event cannot be avoided, the person feels intense anxiety. Social phobias: irrational, marked, and continuous fear of performing in social situations. The individuals fear that they will humiliate or embarrass themselves. Specific phobias: called simple phobias, are marked and persistent fears that are unreasonable and triggered by anticipation of, or exposure to, a specific object or situation. (Flying, heights, spiders, seeing blood) Agoraphobia: anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing if a panic attack or panic like symptoms (sudden dizziness or onset of diarrhea) were to occur Obsessive-compulsive disorder: consists of obsessions, which are persistent, recurring irrational thoughts, impulses, or images that a person is unable to control and that interfere with normal functioning, and compulsions, which are irresistible impulses to perform over and over some senseless behavior or ritual (hand washing, checking things, counting, putting things in order) Exposure therapy: gradually exposing the person to the real anxiety-producing situations or objects that he or she is attempting to avoid and continuing exposure treatments until the anxiety decreases. Somatoform disorders: marked by a pattern of recurring, multiple, and significant bodily (somatic) symptoms that extend over several years. The bodily symptoms (pain, vomiting, paralysis, blindness) are not under voluntary control, have no known physical causes, and are believed to be caused by psychological factors Somatization disorder: begins before age 30, lasts over several years, and is characterized by multiple symptoms-including pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and neurological symptoms- that have no physical causes but are triggered by psychological problems or distress Conversion disorder: changing anxiety or emotional distress into real physical, motor, sensory, or neurological symptoms (headaches, nausea, dizziness, loss of sensation, paralysis) for which no physical or organic cause can be identified Mass hysteria: a condition experienced by a group of people who, through suggestion, observation, or other psychological processes, develop similar fears, delusions, abnormal behaviors, or physical symptoms Taijin kyofusho, or TKS: a kind of social phobia characterized by a terrible fear of offending others through awkward social or physical behavior such as staring, blushing, giving off an offensive odor, having an unpleasant facial expression, or having trembling hands Conduct disorder: a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaving that has been going on for at least a year and that violates the established social rules or the rights of others. Problems may include aggressive behaviors such as threatening to harm people, abusing or killing animals, destroying property, being deceitful, or stealing Case study: an in-depth analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of a single individual Cognitive-behavioral therapy: involves using a combination of two methods: changing negative, unhealthy, or distorted thoughts and beliefs by substituting positive, healthy, and realistic ones; and changing limiting or disruptive behaviors by learning and practicing new skills to improve functioning Exposure therapy: consists of gradually exposing the person to the real anxietyproducing situations or objects that he or she is attempting to avoid and continuing exposure treatments until the anxiety decreases