Download Emotional and Behavior Disorders

GPC 355
Special Education
Emotional and
Behavior
Disorders (EBDs)
Unit 8
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCC
Spring 2014
Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD)
This term does not refer
to a single condition but
to a group of conditions
each of which has an
emotional or
psychological origin.
Each of these poses
challenges not only to
learning and school
performance but to
normal activities of daily
living.
Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD)
All of the material in this presentation has been
extracted from publications produced by
U.S. Department of Education
Office of Special Education
and Rehabilitative Services
Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD)
Two Dimensions are
important:
Severity (how bad are
the symptoms?)
Generally, to meet the
definition the symptoms
must be severe enough
to represent
Chronicity (How long have
the symptoms been
exhibited?) Generally, to
meet the definition of a
disorder the symptoms
must persist for at least 6
months.
Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD) Defined
Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) represent a
group of emotional disabilities characterized by the
following:
1. An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal
relationships with peers and/or teachers. For preschool-age children,
this would include other care providers.
2. An inability to learn which cannot be adequately explained by
intellectual, sensory or health factors.
3. Consistent or chronic inappropriate type of behavior or feelings
under normal conditions.
4. Displayed pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.
5. Displayed tendency to develop physical symptoms, pains or
unreasonable fears associated with personal or school problems.
EBD Defined….cont.
A student with an EBD is a student who exhibits one or
more of these emotionally based characteristics of
sufficient duration, frequency and intensity that it/they
interfere(s) significantly with educational performance to
the degree that provision of special educational services
is necessary.
For preschool-age children, these characteristics may
appear within the preschool environment or in another
setting documented through an extended assessment
period. The student's difficulty is emotionally based and
cannot be adequately explained by intellectual, cultural,
sensory or general health factors.
Emotional and Behavior Disorders
EBDs represent not only conditions but also a wide array of overt behaviors.
As the result of these personal emotional and psychological events
individuals frequently experience many feelings and reactions…..
Self-doubt
Loneliness
Anger
Depression
Frustration
Two Modes of Expression
Mode 1: Internalizing
Turning inward
Two Modes of Expression
Mode 2: Externalizing
Turning outward
Internalizing Disorders
A child who internalizes their problems is said to be suffering from
depression, and experience loss of interest in activities including
social activities, work, and life. This goes with one part of the EBD
federal definition; a general pervasive mood of depression of
disturbed behavior.
Teachers of these children are asked to:
monitor medications for side effects and behavioral fluctuations
assist with behavioral treatments in the classroom
reinforce cognitive behavioral interventions related to classroom
Externalizing
Disorders
Words and phrases that are
commonly used with children
who externalize are extroverted,
under-controlled, and acting out.
This includes attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
and conduct disorder. These
children act out their emotions
instead of holding them in,
exhibiting behaviors such as
fighting, bullying, cursing, and
other forms of violence.
Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment Disorders describe emotional or
behavioral symptoms that children may exhibit when
they are un-able to appropriately adapt to stressful
events or changes in their lives.
The symptoms, which must occur within three
months of a stressful event or change, and last no
more than six months after the stressor ends, are:
marked distress, in excess of what would be expected
from exposure to the event(s), or an impairment in
social or school functioning. There are many kinds of
behaviors associated with different types of
adjustment disorders, ranging from fear or anxiety to
truancy, vandalism, or fighting. Adjustment disorders
are relatively common, ranging from 5% to 20%.
Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment Disorders
A chair for my friend……
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders are a large family of disorders (school
phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic
disorder.) where the main feature is exaggerated anxiety.
Anxiety disorders may be expressed as physical symptoms,
(headaches or stomach aches), as disorders in conduct (work
refusal, etc.) or as inappropriate emotional responses, such as
giggling or crying.
Anxiety occurs in all children as a temporary reaction to
stressful experiences at home or in school When anxiety is
intense and persistent, interfering with the child’s functioning, it
may become deemed as an Anxiety Disorder.
Acute or Chronic stress
reaction…Neurologic Arousal
Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms
Constant worrying or obsession about small or large
concerns
Restlessness and feeling keyed up or on edge
Fatigue
Difficulty concentrating or your mind "going blank"
Irritability
Muscle tension or muscle aches
Trembling, feeling twitchy or being easily startled
Trouble sleeping
Sweating, nausea or diarrhea
Shortness of breath or rapid heartbeat
Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms
Children and adolescents
In addition to the symptoms above, children and adolescents may
have excessive worries about:
Performance at school or sporting events
Being on time (punctuality)
Earthquakes, nuclear war or other catastrophic events
A child with the disorder may also:
Feel overly anxious to fit in
Be a perfectionist
Lack confidence
Redo tasks because they aren't perfect the first time
Strive for approval
Require a lot of reassurance about performance
Anxiety Disorders
Risk Factors
Being female. More than twice
as many women as men are
diagnosed with generalized
anxiety disorder.
Childhood trauma. Children who
endured abuse or trauma, including
witnessing traumatic events, are at
higher risk of developing generalized
anxiety disorder at some point in life.
Anxiety Disorders
Risk Factors
Illness. Having a chronic health condition or serious illness, such as
cancer, can lead to constant worry about the future, your treatment
and your finances.
Stress. A big event or a number of smaller stressful life situations
may trigger excessive anxiety.
Anxiety Disorders Risk Factors
Personality. People with some personality types
are more prone to anxiety disorders than are others.
In addition, some personality disorders, such as
borderline personality disorder, also may be linked
to generalized anxiety disorder.
Genetics. Generalized anxiety disorder may run in
families.
Substance abuse. Drug or alcohol abuse can
worsen generalized anxiety disorder. Caffeine and
nicotine also may increase anxiety.
Panic disorder
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe
physical reactions when there is no real danger or apparent cause.
When panic attacks occur, you might think you're losing control, having a
heart attack or even dying.
Many people have just one or two panic attacks in their lifetimes, and the
problem goes away, perhaps when a stressful situation ends. But if
you've had recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and spent long periods
in constant fear of another attack, you may have a condition called panic
disorder.
Panic attacks were once dismissed as nerves or stress, but they're now
recognized as a real medical condition. Although panic attacks can
significantly affect your quality of life, treatment can be very effective.
Panic disorder
Panic attacks typically begin suddenly, without warning. They can strike at
almost any time — when driving the car, at the mall, sound asleep or in the
middle of a business meeting.
May last a few minutes or ½ hour or more.
Panic attacks typically include a few or many of these symptoms:
Sense of impending doom or danger
Fear of loss of control or death
Rapid heart rate
Shortness of breath
Hot flashes
Chest pain
Faintness
Sweating
Hyperventilation
Nausea
Headache
Tightness in your throat
Trembling
Chills
Abdominal cramping
Dizziness
Trouble swallowing
Panic disorder
One of the worst things about panic attacks is the intense fear
that you'll have another one. You may fear having a panic attack
so much that you avoid situations where they may occur. You
may even feel unable to leave your home (agoraphobia)
because no place feels safe.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which occurs at a
rate of 2.5%, means a child has recurrent and persistent
obsessions or compulsions that are time consuming or cause
marked distress or significant impairment.
Obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are
intrusive and inappropriate (repeated doubts, requirements to
have things in a specific order, aggressive impulses, etc.).
Compulsions are repeated behaviors or mental acts (hand
washing, checking, praying, counting, repeating words silently,
etc.) that have the intent of reducing stress or anxiety. Many
children with OCD may know that their behaviors are extreme or
unnecessary, but are so driven to complete their routines that they
are unable to stop
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
OCD often centers around themes, such as a fear of getting
contaminated by germs. To ease your contamination fears, some
children may compulsively wash your hands until they're sore and
chapped. Despite efforts to ignore or get rid of bothersome thoughts,
the thoughts or urges keep coming back. This leads to more ritualistic
behavior — and a vicious cycle that's characteristic of OCD.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Symptoms
Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms usually include both obsessions
and compulsions. But it's also possible to have only obsession symptoms or
only compulsion symptoms. About one-third of people with OCD also have a
disorder that includes sudden, brief, intermittent movements or sounds (tics).
Obsession symptoms
OCD obsessions are repeated, persistent and unwanted urges or images that
cause distress or anxiety. You might try to get rid of them by performing a
compulsion or ritual. These obsessions typically intrude when you're trying to
think of or do other things.
Obsessions often have themes to them, such as:
Fear of contamination or dirt
Having things orderly and symmetrical
Aggressive or horrific thoughts about harming yourself or others
Unwanted thoughts, including aggression, or sexual or religious subjects
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Symptoms
Examples of obsession signs and symptoms include:
Fear of being contaminated by shaking hands or by touching objects
others have touched.
Doubts that you've locked the door or turned off the stove
Intense stress when objects aren't orderly or facing a certain way.
Images of hurting yourself or someone else.
Thoughts about shouting obscenities or acting inappropriately.
Avoidance of situations that can trigger obsessions, such as shaking
hands
Distress about unpleasant sexual images repeating in your mind
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Symptoms
Compulsions are often believed to be attempts to gain relief
from anxiety.
As with obsessions, compulsions typically have themes,
such as:
Washing and cleaning
Counting
Checking
Demanding reassurances
Following a strict routine
Orderliness
Self-injurious behavior
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can develop following
exposure to an extremely traumatic event or series of
events in a child’s life, or witnessing or learning about a death
or injury to someone close to the child. The symptoms must
occur within one month after exposure to the stressful event.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Symptoms
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms typically start within three
months of a traumatic event. In a small number of cases, though,
PTSD symptoms may not appear until years after the event.
PTDS Symptoms are generally grouped into
three types:
Intrusive memories,
Avoidance and numbing, and
Increased anxiety or emotional arousal
(hyperarousal).
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Symptoms
Memory problems
Trouble concentrating
Difficulty maintaining close relationships
Symptoms of anxiety and increased emotional arousal may
include:
Irritability or anger
Overwhelming guilt or shame
Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much
Trouble sleeping
Being easily startled or frightened
Hearing or seeing things that aren't there
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Risk Factors
Being female
Experiencing intense or long-lasting trauma
Having experienced other trauma earlier in life
Having other mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression
Lacking a good support system of family and friends
Having first-degree relatives with depression
Having been abused or neglected as a child
Women may be at increased risk of PTSD because they are more likely to
experience the kinds of trauma that can trigger the condition.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Traumatic events
Kinds of traumatic events
The most common events leading to the development of PTSD
include:
Combat exposure
Rape
Childhood neglect and physical abuse
Sexual molestation
Being threatened with a weapon
Physical attack
But many other traumatic events also can lead to post-traumatic
stress disorder, including fire, natural disaster, mugging, robbery,
assault, civil conflict, car accident, plane crash, torture, kidnapping,
life-threatening medical diagnosis, terrorist attack and other extreme
or life-threatening events.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Traumatic events
Selective Mutism Disorder
Selective Mutism (formerly called Elective-Mutism) occurs
when a child or adolescent persistently fails to speak in specific
social situations such as at school or with playmates, where
speaking is expected. Selective mutism interferes with a child’s
educational achievement and social communication.
Onset: Before age 5 years
Very Rare and usually lasts a few months but has been known to persist
for years.
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Attention
Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder is a condition,
affecting 3%-5% of children,
where the child shows
symptoms of inattention that
are not consistent with his or
her developmental level.
The essential feature of
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder is “a persistent
pattern of inattention and/or
hyperactivity-impulsivity that
is more frequent and severe
than is typically observed in
individuals at a comparable
level of development.”
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
A few doctors have written articles on ADHD in
early childhood, and some suggest that signs of the disorder
can be detected in infancy. Most physicians prefer to wait until
a clear pattern of inattentive behaviors emerge that affect
school or home performance before attempting to diagnose
ADHD.
Ritalin or
Dexedrine, or a
combination
of these and other
medicines have
been very
successful
in treating ADHD.
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
ADHD
Definition
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that
affects millions of children and often persists into adulthood. ADHD includes a
combination of problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity
and impulsive behavior.
Children with ADHD also may struggle with low self-esteem, troubled
relationships and poor performance in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen
with age. However, some people never completely outgrow their ADHD
symptoms. But they can learn strategies to be successful.
While treatment won't cure ADHD, it can help a great deal with symptoms.
Treatment typically involves medications and behavioral interventions. Early
diagnosis and treatment can make a big difference in outcome.
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Symptoms
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) has been called attention-deficit
disorder (ADD) in the past. But ADHD is
now the preferred term because it
describes both of the primary features of
this condition: inattention and hyperactiveimpulsive behavior. In some children,
signs of ADHD are noticeable as early as
2 or 3 years of age.
Signs and symptoms of ADHD may include:
Difficulty paying attention
Frequently daydreaming
Difficulty following through on instructions and apparently not listening
Frequently has problems organizing tasks or activities
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Symptoms
Frequently forgetful and loses needed items, such as books, pencils or toys
Frequently fails to finish schoolwork, chores or other tasks
Easily distracted
Frequently fidgets or squirms
Difficulty remaining seated and seemly in constant motion
Excessively talkative
Frequently interrupts or intrudes on others' conversations or games
Frequently has trouble waiting for his or her turn
ADHD occurs more often in males than in females, and behaviors can be
different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and
girls may tend to be quietly inattentive.
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Risk Factors
Risk factors for ADHD may include:
Blood relatives (such as a parent or sibling) with ADHD or another
mental health disorder
Exposure to environmental toxins — such as lead, found mainly in
paint and pipes in older buildings
Maternal drug use, alcohol use or smoking during pregnancy
Maternal exposure to environmental poisons — such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) — during pregnancy
Premature birth
Although sugar is a popular suspect in causing hyperactivity, there's
no reliable proof of this. Many things in childhood can lead to difficulty
sustaining attention, but that is not the same as ADHD.
Oppositional Defiant disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The
central feature of oppositional
defiant disorder (ODD), which occurs at
rates of 2 to 16%, is “a recurrent pattern
of negativistic, defiant, disobedient
and hostile behaviors towards authority
figures, lasting for at
least six months …”
The disruptive behaviors of a child or
adolescent with ODD are of a less severe
nature than those with Conduct Disorder,
and typically do not include aggression
toward people or animals, destruction of
property, or a pattern of theft or deceit.
Typical behaviors include arguing with
adults, defying or refusing to follow adult
directions, deliberately annoying people,
blaming others, or being spiteful or
vindictive.
Oppositional Defiant disorder
Symptoms
Signs of ODD generally begin before a child is 8 years old. Sometimes
ODD may develop later, but almost always before the early teen
years. When ODD behavior develops, the signs tend to begin
gradually and then worsen over months or years.
A child may be displaying signs of ODD instead of normal moodiness
if the behaviors:
Are persistent
Have lasted at least six months
Are clearly disruptive to the family and home or school environment
Oppositional Defiant disorder
Symptoms
The following are
behaviors
associated with
ODD:
Negativity
Defiance
Disobedience
Hostility directed
toward authority
figures
Oppositional Defiant disorder
Symptoms
These behaviors might cause your child to regularly and consistently:
Have temper tantrums
Be argumentative with adults
Refuse to comply with adult requests or rules
Annoy other people deliberately
Blames others for mistakes or misbehavior
Acts touchy and is easily annoyed
Feel anger and resentment
Be spiteful or vindictive
Act aggressively toward peers
Have difficulty maintaining friendships
Have academic problems
Feel a lack of self-esteem
Oppositional Defiant disorder
Causes (not entirely clear)
There's no known clear cause of oppositional defiant disorder.
Contributing causes may be a combination of inherited and
environmental factors, including:
A child's natural disposition
Limitations or developmental delays in a child's ability to process
thoughts and feelings
Lack of supervision
Inconsistent or harsh discipline
Abuse or neglect
An imbalance of certain brain chemicals, such as serotonin
Oppositional Defiant disorder
Risk factors
ODD is a complex problem involving a variety of influences,
circumstances and genetic components. There's no single factor that
causes ODD.
Possible risk factors include:
Being abused or neglected
Harsh or inconsistent discipline
Lack of supervision
Lack of positive parental involvement
Having parents with a severely troubled marriage
Parents with a history of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder or conduct
problems
Financial problems in the family
Family instability such as occurs with divorce, multiple moves, or changing
schools or child care providers frequently
Stressful changes that disrupt a child's sense of consistency — such as
divorce or changing child care — increase the risk of disruptive behavior.
However, though these changes may help explain disrespectful or oppositional
behavior, they don't excuse it.
Conduct disorder
Conduct Disorder, which affects between 6% and
16% of boys and 2% to 9% of girls, has as the
essential feature “a repetitive and persistent. pattern
of behavior in which the basic rights of others or
major age-appropriate social norms or rules are
violated.”
Children with Conduct Disorder often have a pattern
of staying out late de-spite parental objections,
running away from home, or being truant from
school.
Children with Conduct Disorder may bully or
threaten others or may be physically cruel to animal
and people. Conduct Disorder is often
associated with an early onset of sexual behavior,
drinking, smoking, and reckless and risk-taking
acts.
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa can be thought of
as a “distorted body image”
disorder, since many adolescents
who have Anorexia see
themselves as overweight and
unattractive.
In Anorexia Nervosa,
the individual refuses to maintain a
minimally normal body weight, is
intensely afraid of gaining weight, and
has no realistic idea of the shape and
size of his or her body. Signs of
anorexia nervosa include extremely
low body weight, dry skin, hair loss,
depressive symptoms, constipation,
low blood pressure, and bizarre
behaviors, such as hiding food or
binge eating.
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes
people to obsess about their weight and the food they
eat. People with anorexia nervosa attempt to maintain
a weight that's far below normal for their age and
height. To prevent weight gain or to continue losing
weight, people with anorexia nervosa may starve
themselves or exercise excessively.
Anorexia (an-oh-REK-see-uh) nervosa isn't really
about food. It's an unhealthy way to try to cope with
emotional problems. When you have anorexia
nervosa, you often equate thinness with self-worth.
Anorexia nervosa can be difficult to overcome. But
with treatment, you can gain a better sense of who
you are, return to healthier eating habits and reverse
some of anorexia's serious complications.
Anorexia nervosa Symptoms
Some people with anorexia lose weight mainly through severely
restricting the amount of food they eat. They may also try to lose
weight by exercising excessively. Others with anorexia binge and
purge, similar to bulimia. They control calorie intake by vomiting
after eating or by misusing laxatives, diuretics or enemas.
No matter how weight loss is achieved, anorexia has a number of
physical, emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms.
Anorexia nervosa Symptoms
Physical anorexia symptoms
Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia
include:
Extreme weight loss
Thin appearance
Abnormal blood counts
Fatigue
Insomnia
Dizziness or fainting
A bluish discoloration of the fingers
Hair that thins, breaks or falls out
Soft, downy hair covering the body
Absence of menstruation
Constipation
Dry skin
Intolerance of cold
Irregular heart rhythms
Low blood pressure
Dehydration
Osteoporosis
Swelling of arms or legs
Anorexia nervosa Symptoms
Emotional and behavioral anorexia symptoms
Emotional and behavioral characteristics associated with anorexia
include:
Refusal to eat
Denial of hunger
Afraid of gaining weight
Lying about how much food has been eaten
Excessive exercise
Flat mood (lack of emotion)
Social withdrawal
Irritability
Preoccupation with food
Reduced interest in sex
Depressed mood
Possible use of laxatives, diet aids or herbal products
Anorexia nervosa Risk Factors
Being female. Anorexia is more common in girls and women. However,
boys and men have been increasingly developing eating disorders, perhaps
because of growing social pressures.
A young age. Anorexia is more common among teenagers. Still, people of
any age can develop this eating disorder, though it's rare in people older
than 40. Teenagers may be more susceptible because of all of the changes
their bodies go through during puberty. They also may face increased peer
pressure and may be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments
about weight or body shape.
Genetics. Changes in certain genes may make people more susceptible to
anorexia nervosa.
Family history. Those with a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child
— who had the disease have a much higher risk of anorexia nervosa.
Weight changes. When people lose or gain weight — on purpose or
unintentionally — those changes may be reinforced by positive comments
from others if weight was lost, or by negative comments if there was a
weight gain. Such changes and comments may trigger someone to start
dieting to an extreme.
Anorexia nervosa Risk Factors
Transitions. Whether it's a new school, home or job, a relationship breakup,
or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and
increase the risk of anorexia nervosa.
Sports, work and artistic activities. Athletes, actors and television
personalities, dancers, and models are at higher risk of anorexia. For some,
such as ballerinas, ultrathinness may even be a professional requirement.
Sports associated with anorexia include running, wrestling, figure skating
and gymnastics. Professional men and women may believe they'll improve
their upward mobility by losing weight, and then take it to an extreme.
Coaches and parents may inadvertently raise the risk by suggesting that
young athletes lose weight.
Media and society. The media, such as television and fashion magazines,
frequently feature a parade of skinny models and actors. But whether the
media merely reflect social values or actually drive them isn't clear-cut. In
any case, these images may seem to equate thinness with success and
popularity.
Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by episodes of “binge and
purge” behaviors, where the person will eat enormous amounts
of food, then induce vomiting, abuse laxatives, fast, or follow
an austere diet to balance the eff ects of dramatic overeating.
Essential features are binge eating and compensatory methods
to prevent weight gain. Bulimia Nervosa symptoms include the
loss of menstruation, fatigue or muscle weakness, gastrointestinal
problems or intolerance of cold weather. Depressive symptoms
may follow a binge and purge episode.
Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia (boo-LEE-me-uh) nervosa, commonly called bulimia, is a
serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia
may secretly binge — eating large amounts of food — and then purge,
trying to get rid of the extra calories in an unhealthy way. For example,
someone with bulimia may force vomiting or do excessive exercise.
Sometimes people purge after eating only a small snack or a normalsize meal.
Bulimia can be categorized in two ways:
Purging bulimia. You regularly self-induce vomiting or misuse
laxatives, diuretics or enemas after bingeing.
Non-purging bulimia. You use other methods to rid yourself of calories
and prevent weight gain, such as fasting, strict dieting or excessive
exercise.
However, these behaviors often overlap, and the attempt to rid yourself
of extra calories is usually referred to as purging, no matter what the
method.
Bulimia nervosa Symptoms
Bulimia signs and symptoms may include:
Being preoccupied with your body shape and weight
Living in fear of gaining weight
Feeling that you can't control your eating behavior
Eating until the point of discomfort or pain
Eating much more food in a binge episode than in a normal meal or
snack
Forcing yourself to vomit or exercise too much
Misusing laxatives, diuretics or enemas after eating
Using dietary supplements or herbal products for weight loss
Bulimia nervosa Risk Factors
Being female. Girls and women are more likely to have bulimia than boys and men are.
Age. Bulimia often begins in the late teens or early adulthood.
Biology. People with first-degree relatives (siblings or parents) with an eating disorder may
be more likely to develop an eating disorder, suggesting a possible genetic link. It's also
possible that a deficiency in the brain chemical serotonin may play a role.
Psychological and emotional issues. People with eating disorders may have
psychological and emotional problems that contribute to the disorder. Examples include low
self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior, anger management problems, depression,
anxiety disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorder. In some cases, traumatic events may be
a contributing factor.
Societal pressure. Peer pressure and what people see in the media may fuel a desire to be
thin, particularly among young women. People who are in the public eye, such as actors,
dancers and models, are at higher risk of eating disorders.
Performance pressure in sports. Eating disorders are particularly common among
athletes, such as gymnasts, runners and wrestlers. Coaches and parents may unknowingly
contribute to eating disorders by encouraging young athletes to lose weight, maintain a low
weight and restrict eating for better performance.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is divided into several subtypes. Each
has a different pattern of symptoms. Types of bipolar
disorder include:
Bipolar I disorder. Mood swings with bipolar I cause
significant difficulty in your job, school or relationships.
Manic episodes can be severe and dangerous.
Bipolar II disorder. Bipolar II is less severe than
bipolar I. You may have an elevated mood, irritability
and some changes in your functioning, but generally
you can carry on with your normal daily routine.
Instead of full-blown mania, you have hypomania — a
less severe form of mania. In bipolar II, periods of
depression typically last longer than periods of
hypomania.
Bipolar Disorder
Cyclothymic disorder.
Cyclothymic disorder, also
known as cyclothymia, is a mild
form of bipolar disorder. With
cyclothymia, hypomania and
depression can be disruptive,
but the highs and lows are not
as severe as they are with
other types of bipolar disorder.
The exact symptoms of bipolar
disorder vary from person to
person. For some people,
depression causes the most
problems; for other people,
manic symptoms are the main
concern.
Bipolar Disorder
Manic phase of bipolar disorder
Signs and symptoms of the manic or hypomanic phase of bipolar
disorder can include:
Euphoria
Inflated self-esteem
Poor judgment
Rapid speech
Racing thoughts
Aggressive behavior
Agitation or irritation
Increased physical activity
Risky behavior
Spending sprees or unwise financial choices
Increased drive to perform or achieve goals
Increased sex drive
Decreased need for sleep
Easily distracted
Careless or dangerous use of drugs or alcohol
Frequent absences from work or school
Delusions or a break from reality (psychosis)
Poor performance at work or school
Bipolar Disorder
Depressive phase of bipolar disorder
Signs and symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder can
include:
Sadness
Hopelessness
Suicidal thoughts or behavior
Anxiety
Guilt
Sleep problems
Low appetite or increased appetite
Fatigue
Loss of interest in activities once considered enjoyable
Problems concentrating
Irritability
Chronic pain without a known cause
Frequent absences from work or school
Poor performance at work or school
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder occurs when a child has a series
of two or more major depressive episodes, with at least a two
month interval between them. Depression may be manifested
in continuing irritability or inability to get along with others,
and not just in the depressed affect.
In Dysthymic Disorder, the depressed mood must be present for
more days than not over a period of at least two years.
Dysthymic Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder are
differentiated based on severity, chronicity, and persistence.
Usually, Major Depressive Disorder can be distinguished from
the person’s usual functioning, whereas Dysthymic Disorder is
characterized by chronic, less severe depressive symptoms that
have been present for many years.
Reactive vs Endogenous
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling
of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depression,
major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how
you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of
emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing
normal day-to-day activities, and depression may make you feel
as if life isn't worth living.
More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness,
nor is it something that you can simply "snap out" of. Depression
may require long-term treatment. But don't get discouraged.
Most people with depression feel better with medication,
psychological counseling or both. Other treatments also may
help.
Major Depressive Disorder
Symptoms
Although depression may occur only one time during your life,
usually people have multiple episodes of depression. During
these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every
day and may include:
Feelings of sadness, emptiness or unhappiness
Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small
matters
Loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, such as sex
Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
Tiredness and lack of energy, so that even small tasks take
extra effort
Major Depressive Disorder Risk Factors
Depression that started when you were a teen or child
History of anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder
Abuse of alcohol or illegal drugs
Certain personality traits, such as having low self-esteem and being
overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
Serious or chronic illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease
Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or
sleeping pills (talk to your doctor before stopping any medication)
Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the loss
of a loved one, a difficult relationship or financial problems
Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism
or suicide
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Autistic Disorder is a
Pervasive Developmental
Disorder,
characterized by the presence of
markedly abnormal or impaired
development in social interaction
and communication, and a
markedly restricted level of
activities or interests.
Children with Autism may fail to
develop relationships with peers
of the same age, and may have
no interest in establishing
friendships.
The impairment in
communication (both verbal and
nonverbal) is
severe for some children with
this disorder.
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Children with autism generally have problems in three crucial areas
of development — social interaction, language and behavior. But
because autism symptoms and severity vary greatly, two children
with the same diagnosis may act quite differently and have strikingly
different skills. In most cases, though, children with severe autism
have marked impairments or a complete inability to communicate or
interact with other people.
Some children show signs of autism in early infancy. Other children
may develop normally for the first few months or years of life, but
then suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose language
skills they've already acquired.
Though each child with autism is likely to have a unique pattern of
behavior, these are some common autism symptoms:
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Social skills
Fails to respond to his or her name
Has poor eye contact
Appears not to hear you at times
Resists cuddling and holding
Appears unaware of others' feelings
Seems to prefer playing alone — retreats into his or her own world
Doesn't ask for help or request things
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Language
Doesn't speak or has delayed speech
Loses previously acquired ability to say words or sentences
Doesn't make eye contact when making requests
Speaks with an abnormal tone or rhythm — may use a singsong voice or robotlike speech
Can't start a conversation or keep one going
May repeat words or phrases verbatim, but doesn't understand how to use
them
Doesn't appear to understand simple questions or directions
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Behavior
Performs repetitive movements, such as rocking,
spinning or hand-flapping
Develops specific routines or rituals and becomes
disturbed at the slightest change
Moves constantly
May be fascinated by details of an object, such as the
spinning wheels of a toy car, but doesn't understand the
"big picture" of the subject
May be unusually sensitive to light, sound and touch,
and yet oblivious to pain
Does not engage in imitative or make-believe play
May perform activities that could cause self-harm, such
as head banging
Tourette’s Syndrome
Tourette’s Disorder occurs in approximately 45 individuals per 10,000. The disorder
includes both multiple motor tics and
one or more vocal tics, which occur many
times per day, nearly every day, or
intermittently throughout a period of more than
one year. During this period, there is never a
tic-free period of more than 3 consecutive
months. Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic
Disorder includes either motor ties or vocal
tics, but not both as in Tourette’s Disorder.
Transient Tic Disorder includes either
single or multiple motor tics many times a day
for at least four weeks, but for no longer than
12 months. This can occur as either a single
episode or as recurrent episodes over time.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFoVIC8e9lE
Wiley Coyote is off this week on vacation but Bill
the Cat is here to wish you a great week. Class is
now officially over for the day.