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WWII
US ENTERS
Americans join the war effort
• 5 million volunteered for
military service, still not
enough for a war on two
fronts, draft was
expanded to include an
additional 10 million
• GI (Government Issue)
applied to govt issued
uniforms, weapons,
supplies but soon
described soldiers as
well.
Women and Minorities in the
Military
• Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for
the formation of a Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp
(WAAC).
• Under bill women volunteering for army would not
receive the same rank, pay, and benefits as men doing
the same jobs, nor could they make the army a career.
• Despite opposition, became law on May 15, 1942
• Minorities: questioned if this was their war to fight, “Why
die for democracy for some foreign country when we
don’t even have it here” “here lies a black man killed
fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man”
Home Front
• Across nation
factories were
converted into war
production,
• women began to
enter the work force
b/c all men were off
fighting war.
• Rosie the Riveter
Office of Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD)
• developed by FDR to bring scientist into war
effort,
• made improvements in both radar and sonar
• use of pesticides like DDT to fight insects US
soldiers were first in history to be relatively free
from body lice, developed miracle drugs such as
penicillin,
• secret development of a new weapon (atomic
bomb)
Entertainment
• as result of war
stimulating
economy people
finally had money
to put back into
their pocket,
• resulted in
spending on
entertainment
doubling people
began to go to the
movies every week
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wiVkdVPGoY
Japanese Americans
• After Pearl Harbor, Amer began to qt loyalty of Jap
Amer living in Hawaii and west Coast,
• feared they were part of master plan for destroying the
US, 1942 War department called for the mass
evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii,
newspapers whipped up anti-Japanese sentiment by
running ugly stories attacking Jap Amer,
• Feb 19, 1942 FDR signed an order requiring the removal
of people of Jap ancestry from Cal and parts of
Washington, Oregon, Arizona, sent to 10 hastily
constructed internment camps, most were Nisei (Jap
Amer who had been born in this country and were Amer
citizens)
Economy
• federal govt had to prevent inflation from
skyrocketing, Office of Price
Administration (OPA) fought inflation by
freezing prices on most goods,
• Congress also raised income-tax rates
and extended the tax to millions of people
who had never paid it before, left workers
with less to spend,
• Ration coupons
• War Production Board (WPB)
Get Your Ration Cards
S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!
Battle of the Atlantic
• Hitler ordered submarine raids against
ships along Amer coast after Pearl Harbor,
• Allies were able to destroy Ger boats
faster than they could build them.
Eastern Front and Mediterranean
•
•
•
•
Ger invasion stalled in front of Moscow and Leningrad,
Ger sent 6th army south with 2 objectives:
1) seize the rich Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus Mtn,
2) capture Stalingrad a major industrial center on Volga
River, moved on so that they could have complete of
Stalingrad, burned most of Stalingrad and had control of
9/10 of city.
• Stalin made them defend city no matter what.
• SU launched major counterattack, Ger ordered to fight to
last man, Ger finally surrendered, SU began moving
westward toward Ger
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
North African Front
• FDR and Churchill launched Operation
Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North
Africa, commanded by Dwight D.
Eisenhower,
• Amer troops landed in N. Africa and
chased the Afrika Korps led by General
Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox), Afrika Korp
surrender May 1943
Italian Campaign
• Allies decided to attack Italy
• July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III summoned the
Fascist dictator and prime minister Mussolini to palace
and stripped him of his power, King told Mussolini that
he is the most hated man in to Italy, Mussolini was
quickly arrested and Italians celebrated the end of the
war,
• Hitler responded by taking control of Italy and reinstating
Mussolini as its leader, took 18 months for allies to drive
Ger off Italian soil, found Mussolini disguised as a Ger
soldier, shot him and hung his body in a Milan square,
•
http://www.custermen.com/ItalyWW2/ILDUCE/Mussolini.htm
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta Petacci
Are Hung in Milan, 1945
found Mussolini
disguised as a
Ger soldier,
shot him and
hung his body
in a Milan
square,
http://www.custermen.com/ItalyWW2/ILDUCE/Mussolin
i.htm
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders
for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]
GOAL: take the
axis by surprise
and pinpointed
Normandy
peninsula as the
focus of the
assault,
Liberation of Europe
• D-Day, the day of the invasion June 6, 1944, troops
landed 60 miles across beach front, Ger were ready for
the attack, allies held the beach heads,
• On July 25, General Omar Bradley unleashed massive
air and land bombardment against the enemy at St. LO
giving General George Patton and his Third army the
gap needed to advance,
• Two days later Fr and Amer troops liberated the Fr
capital from four years of Ger control, Sept 1944 allies
had liberated Fr, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of the
Netherlands,
• During this time FDR was elected to his fourth term in
office with running mate Harry S. Truman
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
Battle of the Bulge
• October 1944, Amer captured first Ger town,
• Hitler reacted with a bold counter attack hoping to disrupt
ally supply lines,
• Ger captured 120 Amer GI near Malmedy, SS herded
Amer troops into a field and mowed them all down with
machine guns, 43 survived,
• Ger success was due to their ability to keep the allies off
guard, some say Amer helped Ger by not taking
intercepted messages seriously,
• Amer began to fight back, Ger lost massive amount of
troops, tanks, and assault guns which they could bounce
back from, they had no choice but to retreat
•
http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/auschwitz/
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
Unconditional Surrender
• April 25, 1945 Soviet army stormed Berlin,
• Hitler married Eva Braun on April 29 and wrote
final address to his people where he blamed the
Jews for starting the war and his general for
losing it
• General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional
surrender of Third Reich, May 8, 1945 allies
celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
Japanese Advances
• Philippines: Amer and
Filipino troops
commanded by
General Douglas
MacArthur held out
against invading Japs
as long as possible.
• Eventually told to
abandoned the
Philippines and said
that “I shall return”
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW
camps in the Philippines.
Bataan: British Soldiers
A
Liberated
British
POW
US retaliation
• April 18, 1942 Colonel
James Doolittle took
off in carrier Hornet,
swept over Tokyo and
four other Japs cities
blasting factories,
steel mills, oil tanks,
and military targets
before vanishing.
• Next day headline
“Tokyo Bombed!
Doolittle Do’od It”
Battle of Coral Sea
Australian and
Amer
intercepted
Jap strike
force aimed
at Australia.
– first time
since Pearl
Harbor a Jap
invasion had
been
stopped and
turned back
Battle of Midway
• June, Admiral Chester Nimitz (Amer commander
of Amer naval forces in the Pacific) learned from
intercepted messages that a Jap invasion force
of well over 110 ships was heading to Midway,
• force planned to move on to Hawaii to finish the
destruction of Amer naval power started at Pearl
Harbor,
• Nimitz was prepared for a surprise attack, Jap
lost four irreplaceable aircraft carriers, cruiser
and 322 planes. At Midway the Amer had
avenged Pearl Harbor
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the
Philippines! [1944]
• MacArthur wanted to
leapfrog Jap
strongholds and seize
less fortified islands,
• continued
leapfrogging across
Pacific toward Japan.
General MacArthur
and troops returned to
Philippines (where he
had left 2 years prior)
“People of the
Philippines I have
returned
Island Hopping
• Japs threw everything
into the Battle for
Leyte Gulf.
• Also tested new tactic
Kamikaze (suicideplane attack in which
Jap would crash their
bomb-laden planes
into Allied ships)
battle was a disaster
for Jap,
• Amer retook control
of the Philippines and
liberated the Amer
prisoners of war there
Island Hopping
• then turned to Iwo Jima
which was critical to the
US as a base from which
heavily loaded bombers
could reach Jap
• after conquering Iwo Jima
the only thing that stood
b/w Amer and a final
assault on Jap was the
island of Okinawa
• April 12, 1945 FDR had a
stroke and died, Harry S.
Truman becomes the
next president
Battle for Okinawa
• Japs last defensive outpost, devastating
battle in which many Amer lives were lost
(7,600) Jap lives lost totaled (110,000)
• chilling forecast for what the allies
imagined the final invasion of Jap home
islands would be like
Manhattan Project
• best kept secret of the war, most people
involved did not know its ultimate purpose
(creation of an atomic bomb)
• Group of scientist (headed by J. Robert
Oppenheimer) worked in a secret lab in New
Mexico to build the actual bomb
• The next decision was whether or not to drop the
bomb
• Dr. Robert Oppenheimer
Manhattan Project
• On July 25, 1945 Truman ordered the military to make
final plans for dropping the only two atomic bombs in
existence,
• next day US warned Jap that it faced “prompt and utter
destruction” unless it surrendered at once, Jap refused
• Aug 6, b-29 bomber named Enola Gay released an
atomic bomb (Code name Little Boy) over Hiroshima (an
important Jap military center) three days later a second
bomb (code name Fat Man) was dropped n Nagasaki
leveling half the city,
• On Sept 2, formal surrender ceremonies took place on
the US battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
•
http://www.evtv1.com/player.aspx?aid=&itemnum=5676
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
©
©
©
70,000 killed
immediately.
48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
© 40,000 killed
immediately.
© 60,000 injured.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
It’s Finally Over
• On Sept 2,
formal
surrender
ceremonies
took place on
the US
battleship
Missouri in
Tokyo Bay.
Yalta Conference
• Stalin, FDR, Churchill
• Feb 1945
• Temporary division of Germany into 4
zones
• Stalin promised free and open elections in
Poland and other Soviet-occupied Eastern
European countries
Potsdam
Conference
• In July 1945, Truman met with GB and SU at Potsdam
(Ger) drew up a blueprint for disarming Ger and
eliminating the Nazi regime
• Ger was divided into four zones, US SU, GB, and FR
each occupied and administered one zone,
• Berlin (Ger capital) was also divided into four zones,
each administered by one of the powers
The Division of Germany:
1945 - 1990
United Nations
• April 25 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco United
Nations: created the United Nations, a new international
peacekeeping body, based on the principles in the
Atlantic Charter,
– General Assembly
– Security Council
• Today, out of 195 countries only 3 are not members of
UN
– Kosovo
– Taiwan
– Vatican City
•
The Creation of the U. N.
Nuremberg Trails
• International tribunal representing 23 nations
tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Ger. 22
Nazi leaders were tried at the first Nuremberg
trials, 12/22 were sentenced to death, most of
the rest to prison, in later trials nearly 200 more
Nazis were found guilty of war crimes.
• First the first time in history a nation’s leaders
had been legally responsible for their actions
during wartime
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
Japan occupation
Jap was occupied by US forces under the
command of General Douglas MacArthur,
• former Jap officials were put on trial,
seven including Tojo were sentenced to
death,
• during 6 year Amer occupation, MacArthur
reformed Jap economy
Life as result of war
• war triggered marriage boom, marry before
soldier went off to war
• GI Bill of Rights: provided education and training
for veterans, paid for by the federal government,
provided federal loan guarantees to veterans
buying homes or farms or starting businesses.
• Segregation remained the rule in the military
– Tuskegee Airmen
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to confront
urban segregation in the North.
• tensions with Mexican Americans
7 Future American Presidents
Served in World War II