Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Exercise # 2: The Eye 1. The human eye is a complicated and sensitive sensory organ. To familiarize yourself with the major parts of the eye, label the diagram below. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Sclera Choroid layer Retina Optic nerve Blind spot Fovea centralis Conjuctive layer (we didn’t talk about this!) 8) Ciliary muscle 9) Iris 10) Lens 11) Pupil 12) Aqueous humour 13) Suspensory ligaments 14) Cornea 15) Vitreous humour 2. Match each of the following functions with a part of the eye by placing the correct eye part in the blank space provided. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ a.) b.) c.) d.) e.) f.) g.) h.) i.) j.) k.) l.) m.) n.) Carries nerve signals to the brain. 4 Outermost layer (coat) of the eyeball. 1 Middle layer (coat) of the eyeball. 2 Inner layer (coat) of the eyeball that contains sensory information. 3 Regulates the size of the pupil to let more or less light in. 9 Refracts the light entering the eye. 14 Supplies the nutrients and oxygen to the lens, iris, and cornea. 12 Photoreceptor cells here transmit nerve signals to the brain. 3 Bends light rays and focuses them on the retina. 10 Changes the shape of the lens. 8 Photoreceptors are highly concentrated at this center of focus. 6 The fluid that provides nutrients for the lens and cornea. 12 The fluid that fills most of the eyeball. 15 Thin layer of transparent, living cells that overlies and protects much of the cornea. 7 3. Light stimulation is converted by specialized sensory neurons, rods and cones, into __chemical signal or action potential __, which travel to the brain and are interpreted in the ____occipital__ lobe. 1 4. Indicate below the statements that relate to rods and those that relate to cones by placing the correct term in the blank space. Use the terms “rods”, “cones”, or “both rods and cones”. __cones___ __ cones _ __rods ___ __ cones__ __ both___ ___ rods__ __ cones_ ___ rods__ ___ both__ ___ rods__ ___ rods__ ___ both_ __ cones _ a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. Comes in three types. Stimulated by bright light. Function in night vision. Most numerous in the fovea. Located in the back layer of the retina. Contains a visual pigment called rhodopsin. Can see different colors. Absent from fovea. Contains pigments called photopsins. Most numerous at the outer edges of the retina. See only shades of gray. Transmit signals to the visual cortex. Defective in color blindness. 5. What is accommodation reflex? Adjustments to bring things into focus- either faraway or close up 6. There are a number of reasons for less – than – perfect vision. Some people are near – sighted, others far – sighted. Some suffer from astigmatism, cataracts, or glaucoma. Match each of the statements with the aforementioned conditions. Some answers may be used more than once. farsighted a. Distant objects clear; nearby objects unclear. nearsighted b. Eyeball is too long; image focuses in front of retina. astigmatism c. Misshapen cornea. Cateracts d. Lens or cornea becomes cloudy. Nearsighted (myoia) e. Nearby objects clear; distant objects unclear. glaucoma f. Build – up of fluid in the anterior chamber to the lens. Farsighted (hyperopia) g. Eyeball is too short; image focuses behind the retina. 7. A close object is viewed. If the eye was at rest, how does the lens need to change shape so the object is clearly seen? Ciliary muscles contract, lens gets thicker 8. A far object is viewed. If the eye was at rest, how does the lens need to change shape so that object is clearly seen? Ciliary muscles relax, lens gets thinner 9. The image formed on the retina is upside down. Why do we not see it this way? Brain interprets it properly 2 Exercise # 2: Touch, Taste, Smell 1. You travel to Vancouver for a vacation. When you arrive, the smell of salt is prominent. After being in Vancouver for a while, the smell of salt “disappears”. This is because when an unchanging stimulus is received by some neurons, they cease to generate impulses. Name this process. Sensory adaptation 2. You travel to Vancouver for a vacation. When you arrive, the smell of salt is prominent. Why does the smell of salt “disappear”, after being in Vancouver for a while? Neurons cease to fire 3. Identify the location where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain receptors are located. Skin 4. Would pain or touch receptors be located closer to the surface? Explain. Yes, to prevent cell damage 5. What area of the cerebral cortex interprets impulses generated by touch receptors? Sensory 6. Identify the lobe of the cerebral cortex that has the sensory area for taste. 7. Name the five types of taste. Sour, sweet, bitter, savory, salty 8. What two senses work together to let us experience food? Taste and smell 9. Compare the sensory perception of taste to that of smell using a chart similar to the one below. Similarities Differences Signal transduction Location where they are found Work together Exercise # 3: The Ear 1. For each function, name the part of the ear described. Ear drum Oval window Eustachian tube Pinna a. b. c. Saccule&utricle Semicircular Cochlea Organ of corti d. e. f. g. h. i. Otoliths j. Semicircular k. Middle ear Inner ear (cochlea) (semicircular) Auditory nerve l. m. Temporal lobe p. Round window n. o. Transfers sound waves to the ossicles. Receives sound waves from the ossicles. Tube that equalizes air pressure between the external ear and the middle ear / throat. Collects sound. Bends outward to accommodate for oval window bending inward. Senses static equilibrium. Senses dynamic equilibrium. Senses sound. Structure within the cochlea specifically responsible for converting vibrations of fluid to nervous impulses. Little ear stones that bend over hair cells and cause a nerve impulse to be generated. When a figure skater twirls on ice, these organs of the inner ear respond to changes in body position. Air – filled portion of the ear. Fluid – filled portion of the ear. Fluid – filled portion of the ear. Brain structures that receive impulses from the equilibrium organs of the inner ear for interpretation. Lobe of the brain that interprets sound. 2. On the diagram of the ear below, identify all of the numbered structures. 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Semicircular canal Vestibule Auditory nerve Cochlea Round window Eustachian tube Eardrum (tympanic membrane) 8) Auditory canal 9) Pinna 10) Oval window 11) Stapes (stirrup) 12) Incus (anvil) 13) Malleus (hammer) 3. Name the type of deafness caused by a mechanical problem within the ear. Conductive hearing loss 4. Name the type of deafness caused by a neural problem with the ear or brain. Sensorineural hearing loss Exercise # 4: All of the Senses Review all the senses by matching each of the phrases on the right with a sensory structure from the list on the left. Some answers are used more than once. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Retina Semicircular canal Utricle and saccule Hair cell Odor receptor Taste bud Organ of Corti Cone __8_____ __6_____ 1. 2. Receptors here detect changes in movement. Receptors here sense sour, salty, sweet, and bitter. __1&9___ 3. Chemicals dissolve in mucus and bind to its cilia. __3_____ __4_____ 4. 5. Chemoreceptor of the nasal cavity. Light receptor of the retina. __2_____ __7_____ 6. 7. Receptors here sense position of head relative to gravity. Receptor of hearing. __5_____ _______ 8. 9. Site of photoreceptors. Balance receptor. 4