Download 2.3 and 2.4 Notes

How did you do?
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Could have used saturated or unsaturated
fatty acids for the tails
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Could only use saturated fatty acids for the
tails
Macromolecules
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All life on earth is carbon based.
The study of carbon chemistry is called
organic chemistry.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it forms
four single bonds.
(it has 4 electrons to lose, gain, or share)
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These bonds can
be single
(sharing 1 e-),
double (sharing 2
e-), or triple
bonds (sharing 3
e-).
How many of each type of bond can it
make?
Single _____, double______, triple_____
How many of each type of bond can it
make?
Single __4___
double___2__
triple___1__
They can also form straight chains,
branched chains, or “rings.”
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Q: How are these
two similar?
Q: How are these
two different?
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Isomers are compounds with the same
chemical formula, but different structures.
For example, C6H12O6 is a sugar.
However, it could be either glucose or
fructose.
 They
both have the same number
of atoms / the same molecular
formula, they just are structured
differently.
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Carbon containing molecules that are large
and found in living things are called
macromolecules or biomolecules.
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The 4 macromolecules are: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
In order to build one of these
macromolecules, MANY molecules need to
be linked together.
◦ Many = 100’s to 1,000’s
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The small sub-units that make up the
macromolecules are called monomers.
Where the prefix “mono” means one. Linking
monomers together in long chains forms
polymers.
The prefix “poly” means many and “mer”
means parts.
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In order to make a polymer, two separate parts
must be bonded together.
To make this happen, a water must be
removed. This reaction is called a dehydration
or condensation reaction.
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To break apart a polymer, requires the use of
water to break the bonds.
This is called a hydrolysis reaction. Where the
prefix “hydro” means water and “lysis” means
split.
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Carbohydrates AKA sugar are composed of
the elements C, H, and O.
The simplest sugar is a monosaccharide.
Recall monomers come together to form
polymers.
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The monomers of sugars are called
“simple sugars.”
Two sugar monomers linked together
are called disaccharides.
Many sugar monomers linked together
are called polysaccharides.
List as many sugars as you can think of:
____________________________________________
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What kind of reaction links a monosaccharide
to a monosaccharide? What has to happen?
Condensation or Dehydration reaction. Making
a bond requires removing water.
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Examples of
monosaccharides
are glucose and
fructose.
How would you
describe their
appearance here?
“Ring” shaped
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An example of a disaccharide is sucrose.
This is formed by linking a glucose to a
fructose.
To make this happen, a water must be removed
by a condensation/dehydration reaction.
Sucrose is plain old table sugar.
The molecular formula for a disaccharide
(example: sucrose) is C12H22O11, due to the
loss of a water.
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Examples of polysaccharides are glycogen,
cellulose, and starch.
They all are made by linking together MANY
monomers.
Remember that many = 100’s to 1,000’s
 Where
is cellulose found?
◦Plants, plant cell walls
◦Function: structure
 Where
is starch found?
◦Roots of plants
◦Function: stored energy

Where is glycogen found?
◦ Animals (in the liver and muscles)
◦ Function: stored energy
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Which of the 3 polysaccharides is structural /
provides support?
Which of the 3 polysaccharides is for storage?
How is a tulip bulb able to sprout in the
spring and then come back again each year?
Explain what your body does after fasting for
many hours?
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Which of the 3 polysaccharides is structural /
provides support?
cellulose
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Which of the 3 polysaccharides is for storage?
Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)
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How is a tulip bulb able to sprout in the
spring and then come back again each year?
Stores starch in the winter in the form of a bulb
to use for energy when it cannot go through
photosynthesis, then when it warms it can
sprout and resume photosynthesis.
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Explain what your body does after fasting for
many hours?
It makes use of the stored glycogen in your
liver for energy.
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Lipids AKA fats are composed of the
elements C, H, and O.
Lipids are made up of a glycerol backbone
and (2 to 3) fatty acid tails.
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What 2 main
elements are the 3
fatty acid tails
made up of?
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List examples of lipids:
____________________________________________
Lipids do not mix with water. The part of a
lipid that doesn’t like water are the tails. This
can be seen with Italian salad dressing (oil
separates out)
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There are two types of lipids: saturated
and unsaturated.
What differences do you notice
between the two below:
Saturated lipids have single bonds and are
solid at room temperature.
 An example of a saturated lipid is:
Wax, butter, animal fat, crisco…
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Unsaturated lipids have double bonds and are
liquid at room temperature.
An example of an unsaturated lipid is oil.
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Lipids serve several roles in organisms. A
couple key roles are they are located beneath
the skin to maintain the body’s
temperature/keep it warm and they form a
phospholipid bilayer around the outside of all
cells.
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Of the 4 macromolecules, you are mostly
proteins.
Proteins are composed of the elements C,
H, O, N, and sometimes S.
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Proteins are made up of monomers called amino
acids. There are 20 different amino acids (now
scientists believe there may be upwards of 23).
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Examples of amino acids include:
◦ Aspartic acid
◦ Alanine
◦ Methionine
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The part of the amino acid that differs among
the 20 amino acids is the R group.
Proteins are formed when amino acids are
linked together by dehydration /
condensation reactions. The types of bonds
that link amino acids together are covalent
peptide bonds.

Proteins are also called polypeptide chains.
◦ This is because the bond is called a peptide bond.
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allowing muscle cells to contract
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transporting oxygen in the blood on hemoglobin
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providing immunity through antibodies
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sending out chemical messages through hormones
like epinephrine /adrenaline.
Proteins also help to speed up chemical reactions
like enzymes.

Enzymes are a type of protein that
speeds up chemical reactions.
Another way of saying “speeds up” is
catalyze AKA a catalyst.
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The making and breaking of all molecules in
the body is called metabolism.
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If it weren’t for enzymes molecules would
metabolize (be made and broken) too slowly.
This would cause waste build up in cells and
cells would go hungry and die.
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Enzymes digest foods more quickly then a
chemical reaction would do by itself.
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What molecule is being broken down more
quickly with the aide of an enzyme and water?
____________________.
Is this a mono or disaccharide?
_______________________________.
What are the names of the 2
monosaccharides that are products of this
reaction? ___________________ and
___________________.
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What molecule is being broken down more
quickly with the aide of an enzyme and water?
sucrose
Is this a mono or disaccharide? disaccharide
What are the names of the 2
monosaccharides that are products of this
reaction? Glucose and fructose
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What happens to the enzyme after it makes
the products?
It goes back to the beginning to get another
sucrose.
The molecule that binds to the enzyme is
called the substrate. It binds to a cutout in
the enzyme called the active site.
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For example, the enzyme sucrase only breaks
down sucrose. While the enzyme lactase only
breaks down lactose.
Notice, sugars often end in –ose, while
enzymes often end in –ase.
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When sucrose goes into the active site of the
enzyme sucrase, it fits like a lock and key or
interlocking puzzle pieces.
What does it mean that a person is “lactose
intolerant?”
What does it mean that a person is “lactose
intolerant?”
 Either:
a) Have no lactase enzymes
OR
b) Their lactase enzymes are “broken” or
mutated.
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If enzymes are exposed to extreme heat or
acidity they unravel/lose their shape and no
longer can metabolize molecules. This is
called denaturation.
Why can a high fever lead to death?
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Why can a high fever lead to death?
The high heat can denature (unravel) all of the
proteins that we need to survive and function.
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The elements that make up nucleic acids are
C, H, O, N, P
The monomers of nucleic acids are called
nucleotides.
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Nucleotides are made up of 3 parts: nitrogen
base, phosphate group, and a simple sugar.
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Nucleotide monomers come together to form
either the polymer DNA or RNA.
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DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA stands for ribonucleic acid
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DNA contains the instructions for making
proteins and is located inside the nucleus of a
cell.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List the elements involved in carbohydrates.
What are carbohydrates?
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Give an example of a monomer of
carbohydrates.
What is the reaction called when you make a
larger molecule? What has to happen for
this to occur?
6. What is the reaction called when you break
down a larger molecule into many smaller
molecules? What has to happen for this to
occur?
7. What is the chemical formula of a
dissacharide?
8. What is an example of a disaccharide? What
two monosaccharides form it?
9. What are our three main examples of
polysaccharides?
10. Where are these three each found (plants
or animals)?
11. What are their main purposes?
12. Why are potatoes so starchy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List the elements involved in lipids.
What are lipids?
Did we discuss a monomer of lipids?
Describe the basic structure of a lipid.
What elements are the tails mostly
composed of?
6. What are the three main differences in the
structure between a saturated and
unsaturated lipid?
7. What state are all saturated fats in? Give an
example.
8. What state are all unsaturated fats in? Give
an example.
9. What roles do lipids play in our bodies.
10. What is the double layer of lipids that
surrounds our cells called?
11. Do lipids mix well with water? What part of
the lipid does not like water?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List the elements involved in proteins.
What is the monomer of a protein called?
How many of these are known to scientists
now?
What is the part that is the placeholder or
changeable piece that determines what
amino acid it is?
What is the bond called that holds amino
acids together?
What is the alternate name that scientists
use for proteins?
6. What are the three main differences in the
structure between a saturated and
unsaturated lipid?
7. What state are all saturated fats in? Give an
example.
8. What state are all unsaturated fats in? Give
an example.
9. What are five examples of roles that proteins
serve in the body?
1.
2.
3.
Enzymes are a special type of what
macromolecule?
What is the purpose of enzymes? What
would happen if enzymes didn’t exist?
What are the elements that make up
enzymes?
4. What does the word metabolism mean?
5. Describe the action of enzyme sucrase. Use
all important key terms.
6. What is the difference between the substrate
and the active site?
7. What is denaturation? Why is it harmful to
the cell or body if it occurs?
8. Explain why some people are lactose
intolerant.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What are the elements that make it up?
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
What are the parts that make up that
monomer?
What do these monomers come together to
form?
What does DNA stand for?
What does RNA stand for?
What is the purpose of DNA?
Where is DNA located?
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Early earth, water, and biomolecules
Now where is life?

First life is considered to be prokaryotic
(simple) and single celled.
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These can’t produce oxygen. So how do we
know that oxygen started to form? Based on
the iron content of the oceans!
Question: what color does iron turn when it is
exposed to oxygen? (aka rusting)
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Iron turns red when exposed to oxygen!
By looking at the rocks of the ancient oceans
we can tell that oxygen started when the iron
started rusting!
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Cyanobacteria is
a special type of
prokaryote that
can run
photosynthesis!
Oxygen can be
formed!!!!
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“Nobody knows how life got started. Most of the
evidence from that time was destroyed by impact
and erosion. Science works on the frontier of
knowledge and ignorance. We’re not afraid to
admit what we don’t know. There’s no shame in
that. The only shame is to pretend that we have
all the answers. Maybe someone watching this,
will be the first to solve the mystery of how life
on Earth began.”
-Neil Degrasse Tyson